1. D. Which of the following is not one of the five chief changes in cognition during adolescence? increased imagination 2. Dan, an adolescent, has more developed cognitive skills than his 6-year-old brother Timmy because Timmy's thinking is: A. in general, bound to what he can directly observe. 3. C. Bickering and squabbling between teenagers and their parents is largely caused by: adolescents' ability to formulate counterarguments. 4. Tam is good at drawing conclusions from given information. Thus, Tam is good at _________ reasoning. B. deductive 5. Which of the following does not support adolescents' improved ability to use deductive reasoning, as described by the text? C. the ability to make an inference based on accumulated evidence 6. Which term below allows individuals to suspend their beliefs about something in order to argue in the abstract? A. hypothetical thinking. 7. D. All of the following are features of hypothetical thinking, except: greater awareness of concrete, observable events. 8. Joey enjoys playing the devil's advocate and is always stirring up discussions with his contrary positions. This ability is one aspect of: A. hypothetical thinking. 9. A. All of the following are aspects of metacognition, except: conserving mental resources 10. D. Who of the following is probably an adolescent (and not a child)? Frank, who appraises his reading comprehension before starting the next chapter 11. B. Who of the following is probably a child (and not an adolescent)? Christine, someone who tends to think about things one aspect at a time 12. D. Which of the following terms applies more to adolescent thought than to childhood thought? flexible, speculative, abstract 13. The ability to see beyond what is directly observable and reason in terms of what might be possible is called: B. hypothetical thinking. 14. the: C. Mai can understand the metaphor, "My heart is an open book," because she is able to focus on abstract and conceptual relations. 15. Renee, a 6-year-old, is unable to answer the question, "How are a motorcycle and a bicycle alike?" Mohammed, a 17-year-old, answers the same question by saying, "They are both types of transportation." What statement about Renee and Mohammed is most true? C. Mohammed has demonstrated the ability to think abstractly. 16. Javier spends a great deal of time talking about relationships, politics, philosophy, religion, and morality with his friends, demonstrating his ability to think: A. abstractly. 17. as: B. Adolescents develop the ability to think about social issues, a concept more generally referred to 18. C. The ability to think about one's own thoughts is called: metacognition. 19. D. All of the following are indicators of metacognition, except: deductive reasoning. social cognition. 20. Teenagers may become self-conscious because they believe that people are talking about them. Which characteristic are they exhibiting? A. an imaginary audience 21. B. The erroneous belief that one's thoughts, feelings, and experiences are unique is called: a personal fable. 22. Dave knows that kids who drink and drive sometimes get killed, but he believes that he is somehow immune to having such a terrible thing happen to him. Dave's belief is an example of: B. a personal fable. 23. John is a junior in high school. Although he is sociable, he feels very self-conscious. He feels as if everyone is evaluating him. David Elkind refers to this loss of perspective in adolescence as: C. imaginary audience. 24. B. Who coined the term adolescent egocentrism? Elkind 25. B. Research testing Elkind's theory of adolescent egocentrism has found that certain aspects: may remain present throughout the adolescent and adult years. 26. A. The text suggests that _________ are not a good explanation of adolescent egocentrism. cognitive deficiencies 27. Fifteen-year-old Hermione is able to write a much more complex answer than 10-year-old Ginger to the question, "Compare the advantages and disadvantages of using simple spells for self-protection." This is because, as an adolescent, Hermione is able to think: D. in multiple dimensions. 28. A. Multidimensional thinking helps adolescents understand: sarcasm. 29. What thought process helps adolescents appreciate the sarcasm and satire of Family Guy and The Simpsons? D. multidimensional thinking 30. A. The extreme skepticism observed in many adolescents is most likely a result of: seeing knowledge as relative rather than as absolute. 31. ___________ theorists believe that changes in cognitive abilities appearing during adolescence are qualitative, whereas __________ theorists believe they are quantitative. A. Cognitive-developmental; information-processing 32. Dr. Martino argues that development proceeds in stages and that each stage is marked by fairly consistent behavior. Then, as the child's biological development progresses and new experiences are acquired, a shift occurs and development breaks through to the next level. Dr. Martino's view is most consistent with that expressed by the: D. Piagetian perspective. 33. D. What is it about adolescent thinking that makes them better problem solvers than children? All of the above 34. Why are adolescents better than children at abstract, multidimensional, and hypothetical thinking? D. All of the above 35. Juan is 4.5 years old. His language skills are excellent, but his thinking skills demonstrate limitations such as egocentrism. What Piagetian stage of thought would you suspect he is in? D. preoperational 36. According to Piaget, the period of cognitive development that is based on theoretical, abstract principles of logic is called: D. formal operations. 37. Rose solves a chemistry problem by systematically testing several hypotheses. According to Piaget, which stage is Rose functioning at? C. formal operations 38. Piaget theorists believe that the use of _____ is the chief feature of adolescent thinking that differentiates it from the type of thinking employed by children. B. abstract logical reasoning 39. Adolescent thinking can be distinguished from the thinking of children in several respects. All of these differences stem from improvement(s) in _____ during adolescence. A. abstract logical reasoning 40. Much research on adults as well as adolescents indicates that the gaps between _____ and _____ in everyday situations are very large, with everyday decision making laden with logical errors that cannot be explained by cognitive incompetence. D. logical reasoning abilities; their actual use of logical reasoning 41. Which of the following statements is consistent with Piaget's cognitive development theory? C. Individuals progress through stages based on biological readiness in addition to increasing environmental demands. 42. Scientists now believe that the transition from concrete operational thought to formal operational thought occurs: C. very gradually and unevenly across domains of functioning. 43. C. The improvements in organizational strategies seen in adolescence include all but: increasing speed of information processing. 44. Which of the following changes explains why adolescents, compared to children, may be better able to concentrate and stay focused on reading tasks? D. improvements in attention 45. Dr. Brown argues that adolescents can solve problems better than younger children because they can store more information in memory and because they have more effective strategies. Dr. Brown's view is most consistent with which of the following perspectives? B. information-processing perspective 46. D. Which of the following is not relatively stable during adolescence? mental abilities 47. Jesse is in the seventh grade at a school that has open classrooms with multiple teachers instructing their classes in one large area. Which of the following cognitive processes will help Jesse focus on his teacher? B. selective attention 48. Which of the following statements about intelligence in adolescence is true? B. The higher an individual's IQ, the smaller the number of same-aged peers who perform equally or better. 49. Joyce believes that scores on intelligence tests are relatively stable in adolescence, and as a result of this stability, believes that scores are fixed. Do you agree with Joyce's logic? D. No, intelligence scores are stable; however, they are not fixed. 50. Charlie is able to tune out the television so that he can focus on his art project, which is due in class tomorrow. This is an example of: A. selective attention. 51. While studying for her biology exam, Jennifer watches her favorite show on TV. This is an example of: B. divided attention. 52. Which of the following statements about the changes in information-processing abilities during adolescence is false? A. There are advances in short-term but not long-term memory. 53. All of the following are ways that scientists study brain maturation except: D. using fMRI technology to measure event-related potential in response to different stimuli or events. 54. Neurons are cells that carry information by transmitting electrical charges across the body. When the electrical charge travels through a neuron, it stimulates _____. A. the release of neurotransmitters 55. C. The formation of synapses is: both genetically programmed and formed through experience. 56. One type of structural change in the brain has to do with changes in the levels of grey and white matter in the brain. Which of the following statements is true? A. grey matter decreases while white matter increases 57. All of the following statements about structural and functional change involving the prefrontal cortex during adolescence are true except: D. All of the above are true 58. One aspect of brain maturation that is associated with increases in the speed of neural impulses and improvements in information transmission is: B. myelination. 59. A. Which statement regarding increases in cognitive abilities is false? Increases in cognitive abilities are due to growth in the size of the brain. 60. C. Changes in the limbic system during adolescence may cause all of the following, except: decreased risk-taking. 61. Jane, an adolescent, can attribute her improved planning skills to developments in her ______ and she can attribute her gut-level, intuitive decision making to her ______. B. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; ventromedial prefrontal cortex 62. In addition to an increase in responsiveness to stress, changes in the _____ may also help explain why adolescents' concerns about what their peers think increase during this time. C. limbic system 63. Which of the following brain systems is responsible for processing emotions, social information, and rewards? C. limbic system 64. When calculating individual performance on an IQ test, a child who was of average intelligence would have an IQ score of: A. 100. 65. Sternberg's "triarchic theory of intelligence" proposes that to assess an individual's intellectual capabilities it is necessary to look at three distinct, but interrelated, types of "intelligence": C. componential, kinesthetic, and experiential. 66. Steve gets all As in his course work but has a hard time relating to the real world. According to Sternberg, Steve is above average in _____ intelligence but below average in _____ intelligence. B. componential; contextual 67. When evaluating the three different forms of intelligence described in his triarchic theory of intelligence, Sternberg would disagree with which statement? A. Individuals with high componential intelligence are more intelligent than individuals with either experiential or contextual intelligence. 68. According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, sports figures Babe Ruth, Michael Jordan, Kobe Bryant, and Michael Phelps are all considered above average in: C. kinesthetic intelligence. 69. Sam took an IQ test in fourth grade and scored below average. Sam's middle school is administering the test again. This time, Sam's score is likely to be: A. below average. 70. A. During adolescence, individuals' IQ scores _____, whereas their mental abilities _____. remain stable; increase 71. B. Adolescents who score higher than their peers on an IQ test will probably: continue to score higher than their peers on future IQ tests. 72. Mary is having trouble understanding how to do a math problem. Her teacher asks her just the right question and Mary understands the problem. Vygotsky would refer to the structuring process used by the teacher to guide Mary's thinking as: D. scaffolding. 73. D. According to Vygotsky, adolescents learn best when: All of the above. 74. The growth of _____ during adolescence is directly related to an improved ability to think abstractly. A. long-term memory 75. What was one of the results of the Guyer and colleagues' (2009) study, where teenagers were imaged with fMRI equipment while they thought they were participating in a networking task with other teenagers (in reality, the study was rigged such that they were automatically provided with positive or negative feedback)? A. When the adolescents were told that other teenagers were interested in them, areas of their brains known to be sensitive to rewards were activated. 76. A. own. With age, adolescents develop a more sophisticated theory of mind, which is the ability to: understand that others have beliefs, intentions, and knowledge that may be different from one's 77. Chris and his parents had an argument because they did not want him to go to a New Year's Eve party across town. A few days after the argument, Chris's anger subsided because he realized his parents were worried about his safety. Which cognitive process did Chris most likely use to reach this conclusion? D. theory of mind 78. C. Which of the following statements about social cognition is false? Adolescents are less likely to see that social rules are subjective. 79. Which of the following individuals is most likely to be a child (and not an adolescent)? B. Jesse, who finds it hard to believe that other people may have beliefs, intentions, and knowledge that may be different from his own 80. B. Most research on adolescents' beliefs about rights and civil liberties comes from: studies of Western, middle-class youth. 81. All of the following are themes that have emerged from research studies that investigate different aspects of social cognition during adolescence except: D. with age, all adolescents increasingly reject the authority of adults by challenging and dismissing the morals established by their parents. 82. A. Which of the following is one of the results of improvements in social cognition? adolescents become better at lying 83. A. Who of the following individuals is likely to believe that it is always wrong to exclude others? Gwendolyn, who is trying to decide who to invite to her 9th birthday party 84. B. Early in adolescence, moral guidelines are: seen as subjective. 85. When the teacher asks a question in class, students raise their hands to answer. This example illustrates: A. social conventional behavior. 86. A. Which theory helps researchers understand adolescent risk taking? behavioral decision theory 87. According to research on behavioral decision theory, adolescents often decide to engage in behavior that seems risky to adults because adolescents: C. have different values and priorities than adults. 88. C. Are adults, or adolescents, more likely to think of themselves as invulnerable? both are likely 89. C. What emotional characteristic makes an individual more likely to engage in risky behaviors? sensation seeking 90. Behavioral decision theory draws heavily on _____, and is a rational process in which individuals _____. C. economics; calculate the costs and benefits 91. D. Compared to childhood, reward seeking and sensation seeking during adolescence: are higher during adolescence than childhood. 92. A. Compared to children and adults, adolescents: engage in a greater amount of risky behaviors in the real world. 93. According to the textbook, a good deal of adolescents' risk taking takes place in contexts in which: A. they are unsupervised by adults and exposed to peers who encourage risky behaviors. 94. C. One explanation for the risk-taking peak that is observed in adolescence is that: adolescents are relatively higher in sensation seeking and impulsivity than children and adults. 95. According to the textbook, the main contributor to the increased rate of automobile accidents among teenagers is: B. driving with other teenagers in the car. 96. According to the textbook, all of the following are potentially successful ways to reduce adolescent risk taking except: A. classroom-based education programs designed to teach adolescents about the dangers of various activities, make better decisions, and resist peer pressure to engage in risky activity.