Dynamics Of Supply - Issues Organizations Identity and Opportunities

DYNAMICS OF SUPPLY - ISSUES, ORGANIZATIONS, IDENTITY, AND OPPORTUNITIES Introduction  The supply side of protest refers to the opportunities for collective action that are staged by social movement organizations. It is the counterpart to the demand for protest, providing outlets for grievances.  Key factors shaping the dynamics of supply include the issues and claims behind protests, the organizational fields movements are embedded in, processes of identity formation, and the types of protest activities supplied.  Supply acquires its full meaning through its interaction with demand in a multiplicative relation. If either demand or supply is completely absent, there will be no protest mobilization or participation. Protest Issues and Multi-Organizational Fields The Role of Issues  Different protest issues tend to appeal to different segments of the potential constituency based on which groups are most affected.  "Particularistic" issues concern a specific group's interests, like student fees or health care worker pay. "Universalistic" issues have a much broader scope, like environmentalism.  The types of issues and claims made by organizers are linked to what types of organizers emerge and what sorts of crowds they bring to protests. For example, labor unions making economic claims tend to draw different protesters than Occupy-type groups making anti-system claims. Embeddedness in Multi-Organizational Fields  Social movements exist within broader multi-organizational fields (MOFs) consisting of allied groups and opposed/countermovement organizations.  A movement's organizational field relates to existing societal cleavages like class, religion, or political ideology. These cleavages shape the mobilization base.  The density of organizations in a MOF impacts how embedded individuals are in the field. This affects whether they are targeted for mobilization and receptive to appeals. Mechanisms Constructing the Supply Side The Role of Embeddedness  The extent to which a protest's mobilizing structure overlaps with the MOFs participants are already embedded in affects the share of unaffiliated protesters.  Communication channels and timing of recruitment tends to vary based on embeddedness. The less embedded rely more on open outreach. Identity Formation Dynamics  Identification with protest organizers is a deductive form of identity shaped in a top-down manner. Identification with fellow participants is an inductive identity formed bottom-up.  Whether identity formation follows a top-down vs. bottom-up pattern depends in part on the organizational density of the constituency.  Identification inherently involves inclusion of some groups and exclusion of others. This shapes participation. A Study on Identity Formation Patterns  Identification with organizers relates to social embeddedness in the organizing groups.  Identification with participants stems from shared grievances and fate around the protest issue.  Different patterns of identification likely emerge for protests with established organizational bases vs. non-organizational mobilization. Opportunities for Participation A Street Demonstration Study  Sympathizing with grievances, being targeted for mobilization, motivation to protest, and overcoming barriers all shape street protest participation.  Friends help participants follow through on their intentions to demonstrate rather than defecting. A Petition Study  Signing a petition has much higher participation rates than demonstrating, showing the impact of protest type.  Local organizational effectiveness at recruiting volunteer signature collectors reduced failure to sign among sympathizers. Protest Issues and Multi-Organizational Fields The Role of Issues  Different protest issues tend to appeal to different segments of the potential constituency based on which groups are most affected.  "Particularistic" issues concern a specific group's interests, like student fees or health care worker pay. "Universalistic" issues have a much broader scope, like environmentalism.  The types of issues and claims made by organizers are linked to what types of organizers emerge and what sorts of crowds they bring to protests. For example, labor unions making economic claims tend to draw different protesters than Occupy-type groups making anti-system claims. Embeddedness in Multi-Organizational Fields  Social movements exist within broader multi-organizational fields (MOFs) consisting of allied groups and opposed/countermovement organizations.  A movement's organizational field relates to existing societal cleavages like class, religion, or political ideology. These cleavages shape the mobilization base.  The density of organizations in a MOF impacts how embedded individuals are in the field. This affects whether they are targeted for mobilization and receptive to appeals. Mechanisms Constructing the Supply Side The Role of Embeddedness  The extent to which a protest's mobilizing structure overlaps with the MOFs participants are already embedded in affects the share of unaffiliated protesters.  Communication channels and timing of recruitment tends to vary based on embeddedness. The less embedded rely more on open outreach. Identity Formation Dynamics  Identification with protest organizers is a deductive form of identity shaped in a top-down manner. Identification with fellow participants is an inductive identity formed bottom-up.  Whether identity formation follows a top-down vs. bottom-up pattern depends in part on the organizational density of the constituency.  Identification inherently involves inclusion of some groups and exclusion of others. This shapes participation. A Study on Identity Formation Patterns  Identification with organizers relates to social embeddedness in the organizing groups.  Identification with participants stems from shared grievances and fate around the protest issue.  Different patterns of identification likely emerge for protests with established organizational bases vs. non-organizational mobilization. Opportunities for Participation A Street Demonstration Study  Sympathizing with grievances, being targeted for mobilization, motivation to protest, and overcoming barriers all shape street protest participation.  Friends help participants follow through on their intentions to demonstrate rather than defecting. A Petition Study  Signing a petition has much higher participation rates than demonstrating, showing the impact of protest type.  Local organizational effectiveness at recruiting volunteer signature collectors reduced failure to sign among sympathizers. Protest Issues and Multi-Organizational Fields The Role of Issues  Different protest issues tend to appeal to different segments of the potential constituency based on which groups are most affected.  "Particularistic" issues concern a specific group's interests, like student fees or health care worker pay. "Universalistic" issues have a much broader scope, like environmentalism.  The types of issues and claims made by organizers are linked to what types of organizers emerge and what sorts of crowds they bring to protests. For example, labor unions making economic claims tend to draw different protesters than Occupy-type groups making anti-system claims. Embeddedness in Multi-Organizational Fields  Social movements exist within broader multi-organizational fields (MOFs) consisting of allied groups and opposed/countermovement organizations.  A movement's organizational field relates to existing societal cleavages like class, religion, or political ideology. These cleavages shape the mobilization base.  The density of organizations in a MOF impacts how embedded individuals are in the field. This affects whether they are targeted for mobilization and receptive to appeals. Mechanisms Constructing the Supply Side The Role of Embeddedness  The extent to which a protest's mobilizing structure overlaps with the MOFs participants are already embedded in affects the share of unaffiliated protesters.  Communication channels and timing of recruitment tends to vary based on embeddedness. The less embedded rely more on open outreach. Identity Formation Dynamics  Identification with protest organizers is a deductive form of identity shaped in a top-down manner. Identification with fellow participants is an inductive identity formed bottom-up.  Whether identity formation follows a top-down vs. bottom-up pattern depends in part on the organizational density of the constituency.  Identification inherently involves inclusion of some groups and exclusion of others. This shapes participation. A Study on Identity Formation Patterns  Identification with organizers relates to social embeddedness in the organizing groups.  Identification with participants stems from shared grievances and fate around the protest issue.  Different patterns of identification likely emerge for protests with established organizational bases vs. non-organizational mobilization. Opportunities for Participation A Street Demonstration Study  Sympathizing with grievances, being targeted for mobilization, motivation to protest, and overcoming barriers all shape street protest participation.  Friends help participants follow through on their intentions to demonstrate rather than defecting. A Petition Study  Signing a petition has much higher participation rates than demonstrating, showing the impact of protest type.  Local organizational effectiveness at recruiting volunteer signature collectors reduced failure to sign among sympathizers. Protest Issues and Multi-Organizational Fields The Role of Issues  Different protest issues tend to appeal to different segments of the potential constituency based on which groups are most affected.  "Particularistic" issues concern a specific group's interests, like student fees or health care worker pay. "Universalistic" issues have a much broader scope, like environmentalism.  The types of issues and claims made by organizers are linked to what types of organizers emerge and what sorts of crowds they bring to protests. For example, labor unions making economic claims tend to draw different protesters than Occupy-type groups making anti-system claims. Embeddedness in Multi-Organizational Fields  Social movements exist within broader multi-organizational fields (MOFs) consisting of allied groups and opposed/countermovement organizations.  A movement's organizational field relates to existing societal cleavages like class, religion, or political ideology. These cleavages shape the mobilization base.  The density of organizations in a MOF impacts how embedded individuals are in the field. This affects whether they are targeted for mobilization and receptive to appeals. Mechanisms Constructing the Supply Side The Role of Embeddedness  The extent to which a protest's mobilizing structure overlaps with the MOFs participants are already embedded in affects the share of unaffiliated protesters.  Communication channels and timing of recruitment tends to vary based on embeddedness. The less embedded rely more on open outreach. Identity Formation Dynamics  Identification with protest organizers is a deductive form of identity shaped in a top-down manner. Identification with fellow participants is an inductive identity formed bottom-up.  Whether identity formation follows a top-down vs. bottom-up pattern depends in part on the organizational density of the constituency.  Identification inherently involves inclusion of some groups and exclusion of others. This shapes participation. A Study on Identity Formation Patterns  Identification with organizers relates to social embeddedness in the organizing groups.  Identification with participants stems from shared grievances and fate around the protest issue.  Different patterns of identification likely emerge for protests with established organizational bases vs. non-organizational mobilization. Opportunities for Participation A Street Demonstration Study  Sympathizing with grievances, being targeted for mobilization, motivation to protest, and overcoming barriers all shape street protest participation.  Friends help participants follow through on their intentions to demonstrate rather than defecting. A Petition Study  Signing a petition has much higher participation rates than demonstrating, showing the impact of protest type.  Local organizational effectiveness at recruiting volunteer signature collectors reduced failure to sign among sympathizers. Protest Issues and Multi-Organizational Fields The Role of Issues  Different protest issues tend to appeal to different segments of the potential constituency based on which groups are most affected.  "Particularistic" issues concern a specific group's interests, like student fees or health care worker pay. "Universalistic" issues have a much broader scope, like environmentalism.  The types of issues and claims made by organizers are linked to what types of organizers emerge and what sorts of crowds they bring to protests. For example, labor unions making economic claims tend to draw different protesters than Occupy-type groups making anti-system claims. Embeddedness in Multi-Organizational Fields  Social movements exist within broader multi-organizational fields (MOFs) consisting of allied groups and opposed/countermovement organizations.  A movement's organizational field relates to existing societal cleavages like class, religion, or political ideology. These cleavages shape the mobilization base.  The density of organizations in a MOF impacts how embedded individuals are in the field. This affects whether they are targeted for mobilization and receptive to appeals. Mechanisms Constructing the Supply Side The Role of Embeddedness  The extent to which a protest's mobilizing structure overlaps with the MOFs participants are already embedded in affects the share of unaffiliated protesters.  Communication channels and timing of recruitment tends to vary based on embeddedness. The less embedded rely more on open outreach. Identity Formation Dynamics  Identification with protest organizers is a deductive form of identity shaped in a top-down manner. Identification with fellow participants is an inductive identity formed bottom-up.  Whether identity formation follows a top-down vs. bottom-up pattern depends in part on the organizational density of the constituency.  Identification inherently involves inclusion of some groups and exclusion of others. This shapes participation. A Study on Identity Formation Patterns  Identification with organizers relates to social embeddedness in the organizing groups.  Identification with participants stems from shared grievances and fate around the protest issue.  Different patterns of identification likely emerge for protests with established organizational bases vs. non-organizational mobilization. Opportunities for Participation A Street Demonstration Study  Sympathizing with grievances, being targeted for mobilization, motivation to protest, and overcoming barriers all shape street protest participation.  Friends help participants follow through on their intentions to demonstrate rather than defecting. A Petition Study  Signing a petition has much higher participation rates than demonstrating, showing the impact of protest type.  Local organizational effectiveness at recruiting volunteer signature collectors reduced failure to sign among sympathizers. Protest Issues and Multi-Organizational Fields The Role of Issues  Different protest issues tend to appeal to different segments of the potential constituency based on which groups are most affected.  "Particularistic" issues concern a specific group's interests, like student fees or health care worker pay. "Universalistic" issues have a much broader scope, like environmentalism.  The types of issues and claims made by organizers are linked to what types of organizers emerge and what sorts of crowds they bring to protests. For example, labor unions making economic claims tend to draw different protesters than Occupy-type groups making anti-system claims. Embeddedness in Multi-Organizational Fields  Social movements exist within broader multi-organizational fields (MOFs) consisting of allied groups and opposed/countermovement organizations.  A movement's organizational field relates to existing societal cleavages like class, religion, or political ideology. These cleavages shape the mobilization base.  The density of organizations in a MOF impacts how embedded individuals are in the field. This affects whether they are targeted for mobilization and receptive to appeals. Mechanisms Constructing the Supply Side The Role of Embeddedness  The extent to which a protest's mobilizing structure overlaps with the MOFs participants are already embedded in affects the share of unaffiliated protesters.  Communication channels and timing of recruitment tends to vary based on embeddedness. The less embedded rely more on open outreach. Identity Formation Dynamics  Identification with protest organizers is a deductive form of identity shaped in a top-down manner. Identification with fellow participants is an inductive identity formed bottom-up.  Whether identity formation follows a top-down vs. bottom-up pattern depends in part on the organizational density of the constituency.  Identification inherently involves inclusion of some groups and exclusion of others. This shapes participation. A Study on Identity Formation Patterns  Identification with organizers relates to social embeddedness in the organizing groups.  Identification with participants stems from shared grievances and fate around the protest issue.  Different patterns of identification likely emerge for protests with established organizational bases vs. non-organizational mobilization. Opportunities for Participation A Street Demonstration Study  Sympathizing with grievances, being targeted for mobilization, motivation to protest, and overcoming barriers all shape street protest participation.  Friends help participants follow through on their intentions to demonstrate rather than defecting. A Petition Study  Signing a petition has much higher participation rates than demonstrating, showing the impact of protest type.  Local organizational effectiveness at recruiting volunteer signature collectors reduced failure to sign among sympathizers. Protest Issues and Multi-Organizational Fields The Role of Issues  Different protest issues tend to appeal to different segments of the potential constituency based on which groups are most affected.  "Particularistic" issues concern a specific group's interests, like student fees or health care worker pay. "Universalistic" issues have a much broader scope, like environmentalism.  The types of issues and claims made by organizers are linked to what types of organizers emerge and what sorts of crowds they bring to protests. For example, labor unions making economic claims tend to draw different protesters than Occupy-type groups making anti-system claims. Embeddedness in Multi-Organizational Fields  Social movements exist within broader multi-organizational fields (MOFs) consisting of allied groups and opposed/countermovement organizations.  A movement's organizational field relates to existing societal cleavages like class, religion, or political ideology. These cleavages shape the mobilization base.  The density of organizations in a MOF impacts how embedded individuals are in the field. This affects whether they are targeted for mobilization and receptive to appeals. Mechanisms Constructing the Supply Side The Role of Embeddedness  The extent to which a protest's mobilizing structure overlaps with the MOFs participants are already embedded in affects the share of unaffiliated protesters.  Communication channels and timing of recruitment tends to vary based on embeddedness. The less embedded rely more on open outreach. Identity Formation Dynamics  Identification with protest organizers is a deductive form of identity shaped in a top-down manner. Identification with fellow participants is an inductive identity formed bottom-up.  Whether identity formation follows a top-down vs. bottom-up pattern depends in part on the organizational density of the constituency.  Identification inherently involves inclusion of some groups and exclusion of others. This shapes participation. A Study on Identity Formation Patterns  Identification with organizers relates to social embeddedness in the organizing groups.  Identification with participants stems from shared grievances and fate around the protest issue.  Different patterns of identification likely emerge for protests with established organizational bases vs. non-organizational mobilization. Opportunities for Participation A Street Demonstration Study  Sympathizing with grievances, being targeted for mobilization, motivation to protest, and overcoming barriers all shape street protest participation.  Friends help participants follow through on their intentions to demonstrate rather than defecting. A Petition Study  Signing a petition has much higher participation rates than demonstrating, showing the impact of protest type.  Local organizational effectiveness at recruiting volunteer signature collectors reduced failure to sign among sympathizers. Protest Issues and Multi-Organizational Fields The Role of Issues  Different protest issues tend to appeal to different segments of the potential constituency based on which groups are most affected.  "Particularistic" issues concern a specific group's interests, like student fees or health care worker pay. "Universalistic" issues have a much broader scope, like environmentalism.  The types of issues and claims made by organizers are linked to what types of organizers emerge and what sorts of crowds they bring to protests. For example, labor unions making economic claims tend to draw different protesters than Occupy-type groups making anti-system claims. Embeddedness in Multi-Organizational Fields  Social movements exist within broader multi-organizational fields (MOFs) consisting of allied groups and opposed/countermovement organizations.  A movement's organizational field relates to existing societal cleavages like class, religion, or political ideology. These cleavages shape the mobilization base.  The density of organizations in a MOF impacts how embedded individuals are in the field. This affects whether they are targeted for mobilization and receptive to appeals. Mechanisms Constructing the Supply Side The Role of Embeddedness  The extent to which a protest's mobilizing structure overlaps with the MOFs participants are already embedded in affects the share of unaffiliated protesters.  Communication channels and timing of recruitment tends to vary based on embeddedness. The less embedded rely more on open outreach. Identity Formation Dynamics  Identification with protest organizers is a deductive form of identity shaped in a top-down manner. Identification with fellow participants is an inductive identity formed bottom-up.  Whether identity formation follows a top-down vs. bottom-up pattern depends in part on the organizational density of the constituency.  Identification inherently involves inclusion of some groups and exclusion of others. This shapes participation. A Study on Identity Formation Patterns  Identification with organizers relates to social embeddedness in the organizing groups.  Identification with participants stems from shared grievances and fate around the protest issue.  Different patterns of identification likely emerge for protests with established organizational bases vs. non-organizational mobilization. Opportunities for Participation A Street Demonstration Study  Sympathizing with grievances, being targeted for mobilization, motivation to protest, and overcoming barriers all shape street protest participation.  Friends help participants follow through on their intentions to demonstrate rather than defecting. A Petition Study  Signing a petition has much higher participation rates than demonstrating, showing the impact of protest type.  Local organizational effectiveness at recruiting volunteer signature collectors reduced failure to sign among sympathizers. Protest Issues and Multi-Organizational Fields The Role of Issues  Different protest issues tend to appeal to different segments of the potential constituency based on which groups are most affected.  "Particularistic" issues concern a specific group's interests, like student fees or health care worker pay. "Universalistic" issues have a much broader scope, like environmentalism.  The types of issues and claims made by organizers are linked to what types of organizers emerge and what sorts of crowds they bring to protests. For example, labor unions making economic claims tend to draw different protesters than Occupy-type groups making anti-system claims. Embeddedness in Multi-Organizational Fields  Social movements exist within broader multi-organizational fields (MOFs) consisting of allied groups and opposed/countermovement organizations.  A movement's organizational field relates to existing societal cleavages like class, religion, or political ideology. These cleavages shape the mobilization base.  The density of organizations in a MOF impacts how embedded individuals are in the field. This affects whether they are targeted for mobilization and receptive to appeals. Mechanisms Constructing the Supply Side The Role of Embeddedness  The extent to which a protest's mobilizing structure overlaps with the MOFs participants are already embedded in affects the share of unaffiliated protesters.  Communication channels and timing of recruitment tends to vary based on embeddedness. The less embedded rely more on open outreach. Identity Formation Dynamics  Identification with protest organizers is a deductive form of identity shaped in a top-down manner. Identification with fellow participants is an inductive identity formed bottom-up.  Whether identity formation follows a top-down vs. bottom-up pattern depends in part on the organizational density of the constituency.  Identification inherently involves inclusion of some groups and exclusion of others. This shapes participation. A Study on Identity Formation Patterns  Identification with organizers relates to social embeddedness in the organizing groups.  Identification with participants stems from shared grievances and fate around the protest issue.  Different patterns of identification likely emerge for protests with established organizational bases vs. non-organizational mobilization. Opportunities for Participation A Street Demonstration Study  Sympathizing with grievances, being targeted for mobilization, motivation to protest, and overcoming barriers all shape street protest participation.  Friends help participants follow through on their intentions to demonstrate rather than defecting. A Petition Study  Signing a petition has much higher participation rates than demonstrating, showing the impact of protest type.  Local organizational effectiveness at recruiting volunteer signature collectors reduced failure to sign among sympathizers. Protest Issues and Multi-Organizational Fields The Role of Issues  Different protest issues tend to appeal to different segments of the potential constituency based on which groups are most affected.  "Particularistic" issues concern a specific group's interests, like student fees or health care worker pay. "Universalistic" issues have a much broader scope, like environmentalism.  The types of issues and claims made by organizers are linked to what types of organizers emerge and what sorts of crowds they bring to protests. For example, labor unions making economic claims tend to draw different protesters than Occupy-type groups making anti-system claims. Embeddedness in Multi-Organizational Fields  Social movements exist within broader multi-organizational fields (MOFs) consisting of allied groups and opposed/countermovement organizations.  A movement's organizational field relates to existing societal cleavages like class, religion, or political ideology. These cleavages shape the mobilization base.  The density of organizations in a MOF impacts how embedded individuals are in the field. This affects whether they are targeted for mobilization and receptive to appeals. Mechanisms Constructing the Supply Side The Role of Embeddedness  The extent to which a protest's mobilizing structure overlaps with the MOFs participants are already embedded in affects the share of unaffiliated protesters.  Communication channels and timing of recruitment tends to vary based on embeddedness. The less embedded rely more on open outreach. Identity Formation Dynamics  Identification with protest organizers is a deductive form of identity shaped in a top-down manner. Identification with fellow participants is an inductive identity formed bottom-up.  Whether identity formation follows a top-down vs. bottom-up pattern depends in part on the organizational density of the constituency.  Identification inherently involves inclusion of some groups and exclusion of others. This shapes participation. A Study on Identity Formation Patterns  Identification with organizers relates to social embeddedness in the organizing groups.  Identification with participants stems from shared grievances and fate around the protest issue.  Different patterns of identification likely emerge for protests with established organizational bases vs. non-organizational mobilization. Opportunities for Participation A Street Demonstration Study  Sympathizing with grievances, being targeted for mobilization, motivation to protest, and overcoming barriers all shape street protest participation.  Friends help participants follow through on their intentions to demonstrate rather than defecting. A Petition Study  Signing a petition has much higher participation rates than demonstrating, showing the impact of protest type.  Local organizational effectiveness at recruiting volunteer signature collectors reduced failure to sign among sympathizers. Protest Issues and Multi-Organizational Fields The Role of Issues  Different protest issues tend to appeal to different segments of the potential constituency based on which groups are most affected.  "Particularistic" issues concern a specific group's interests, like student fees or health care worker pay. "Universalistic" issues have a much broader scope, like environmentalism.  The types of issues and claims made by organizers are linked to what types of organizers emerge and what sorts of crowds they bring to protests. For example, labor unions making economic claims tend to draw different protesters than Occupy-type groups making anti-system claims. Embeddedness in Multi-Organizational Fields  Social movements exist within broader multi-organizational fields (MOFs) consisting of allied groups and opposed/countermovement organizations.  A movement's organizational field relates to existing societal cleavages like class, religion, or political ideology. These cleavages shape the mobilization base.  The density of organizations in a MOF impacts how embedded individuals are in the field. This affects whether they are targeted for mobilization and receptive to appeals. Mechanisms Constructing the Supply Side The Role of Embeddedness  The extent to which a protest's mobilizing structure overlaps with the MOFs participants are already embedded in affects the share of unaffiliated protesters.  Communication channels and timing of recruitment tends to vary based on embeddedness. The less embedded rely more on open outreach. Identity Formation Dynamics  Identification with protest organizers is a deductive form of identity shaped in a top-down manner. Identification with fellow participants is an inductive identity formed bottom-up.  Whether identity formation follows a top-down vs. bottom-up pattern depends in part on the organizational density of the constituency.  Identification inherently involves inclusion of some groups and exclusion of others. This shapes participation. A Study on Identity Formation Patterns  Identification with organizers relates to social embeddedness in the organizing groups.  Identification with participants stems from shared grievances and fate around the protest issue.  Different patterns of identification likely emerge for protests with established organizational bases vs. non-organizational mobilization. Opportunities for Participation A Street Demonstration Study  Sympathizing with grievances, being targeted for mobilization, motivation to protest, and overcoming barriers all shape street protest participation.  Friends help participants follow through on their intentions to demonstrate rather than defecting. A Petition Study  Signing a petition has much higher participation rates than demonstrating, showing the impact of protest type.  Local organizational effectiveness at recruiting volunteer signature collectors reduced failure to sign among sympathizers. Protest Issues and Multi-Organizational Fields The Role of Issues  Different protest issues tend to appeal to different segments of the potential constituency based on which groups are most affected.  "Particularistic" issues concern a specific group's interests, like student fees or health care worker pay. "Universalistic" issues have a much broader scope, like environmentalism.  The types of issues and claims made by organizers are linked to what types of organizers emerge and what sorts of crowds they bring to protests. For example, labor unions making economic claims tend to draw different protesters than Occupy-type groups making anti-system claims. Embeddedness in Multi-Organizational Fields  Social movements exist within broader multi-organizational fields (MOFs) consisting of allied groups and opposed/countermovement organizations.  A movement's organizational field relates to existing societal cleavages like class, religion, or political ideology. These cleavages shape the mobilization base.  The density of organizations in a MOF impacts how embedded individuals are in the field. This affects whether they are targeted for mobilization and receptive to appeals. Mechanisms Constructing the Supply Side The Role of Embeddedness  The extent to which a protest's mobilizing structure overlaps with the MOFs participants are already embedded in affects the share of unaffiliated protesters.  Communication channels and timing of recruitment tends to vary based on embeddedness. The less embedded rely more on open outreach. Identity Formation Dynamics  Identification with protest organizers is a deductive form of identity shaped in a top-down manner. Identification with fellow participants is an inductive identity formed bottom-up.  Whether identity formation follows a top-down vs. bottom-up pattern depends in part on the organizational density of the constituency.  Identification inherently involves inclusion of some groups and exclusion of others. This shapes participation. A Study on Identity Formation Patterns  Identification with organizers relates to social embeddedness in the organizing groups.  Identification with participants stems from shared grievances and fate around the protest issue.  Different patterns of identification likely emerge for protests with established organizational bases vs. non-organizational mobilization. Opportunities for Participation A Street Demonstration Study  Sympathizing with grievances, being targeted for mobilization, motivation to protest, and overcoming barriers all shape street protest participation.  Friends help participants follow through on their intentions to demonstrate rather than defecting. A Petition Study  Signing a petition has much higher participation rates than demonstrating, showing the impact of protest type.  Local organizational effectiveness at recruiting volunteer signature collectors reduced failure to sign among sympathizers. Protest Issues and Multi-Organizational Fields The Role of Issues  Different protest issues tend to appeal to different segments of the potential constituency based on which groups are most affected.  "Particularistic" issues concern a specific group's interests, like student fees or health care worker pay. "Universalistic" issues have a much broader scope, like environmentalism.  The types of issues and claims made by organizers are linked to what types of organizers emerge and what sorts of crowds they bring to protests. For example, labor unions making economic claims tend to draw different protesters than Occupy-type groups making anti-system claims. Embeddedness in Multi-Organizational Fields  Social movements exist within broader multi-organizational fields (MOFs) consisting of allied groups and opposed/countermovement organizations.  A movement's organizational field relates to existing societal cleavages like class, religion, or political ideology. These cleavages shape the mobilization base.  The density of organizations in a MOF impacts how embedded individuals are in the field. This affects whether they are targeted for mobilization and receptive to appeals. Mechanisms Constructing the Supply Side The Role of Embeddedness  The extent to which a protest's mobilizing structure overlaps with the MOFs participants are already embedded in affects the share of unaffiliated protesters.  Communication channels and timing of recruitment tends to vary based on embeddedness. The less embedded rely more on open outreach. Identity Formation Dynamics  Identification with protest organizers is a deductive form of identity shaped in a top-down manner. Identification with fellow participants is an inductive identity formed bottom-up.  Whether identity formation follows a top-down vs. bottom-up pattern depends in part on the organizational density of the constituency.  Identification inherently involves inclusion of some groups and exclusion of others. This shapes participation. A Study on Identity Formation Patterns  Identification with organizers relates to social embeddedness in the organizing groups.  Identification with participants stems from shared grievances and fate around the protest issue.  Different patterns of identification likely emerge for protests with established organizational bases vs. non-organizational mobilization. Opportunities for Participation A Street Demonstration Study  Sympathizing with grievances, being targeted for mobilization, motivation to protest, and overcoming barriers all shape street protest participation.  Friends help participants follow through on their intentions to demonstrate rather than defecting. A Petition Study  Signing a petition has much higher participation rates than demonstrating, showing the impact of protest type.  Local organizational effectiveness at recruiting volunteer signature collectors reduced failure to sign among sympathizers. Protest Issues and Multi-Organizational Fields The Role of Issues  Different protest issues tend to appeal to different segments of the potential constituency based on which groups are most affected.  "Particularistic" issues concern a specific group's interests, like student fees or health care worker pay. "Universalistic" issues have a much broader scope, like environmentalism.  The types of issues and claims made by organizers are linked to what types of organizers emerge and what sorts of crowds they bring to protests. For example, labor unions making economic claims tend to draw different protesters than Occupy-type groups making anti-system claims. Embeddedness in Multi-Organizational Fields  Social movements exist within broader multi-organizational fields (MOFs) consisting of allied groups and opposed/countermovement organizations.  A movement's organizational field relates to existing societal cleavages like class, religion, or political ideology. These cleavages shape the mobilization base.  The density of organizations in a MOF impacts how embedded individuals are in the field. This affects whether they are targeted for mobilization and receptive to appeals. Mechanisms Constructing the Supply Side The Role of Embeddedness  The extent to which a protest's mobilizing structure overlaps with the MOFs participants are already embedded in affects the share of unaffiliated protesters.  Communication channels and timing of recruitment tends to vary based on embeddedness. The less embedded rely more on open outreach. Identity Formation Dynamics  Identification with protest organizers is a deductive form of identity shaped in a top-down manner. Identification with fellow participants is an inductive identity formed bottom-up.  Whether identity formation follows a top-down vs. bottom-up pattern depends in part on the organizational density of the constituency.  Identification inherently involves inclusion of some groups and exclusion of others. This shapes participation. A Study on Identity Formation Patterns  Identification with organizers relates to social embeddedness in the organizing groups.  Identification with participants stems from shared grievances and fate around the protest issue.  Different patterns of identification likely emerge for protests with established organizational bases vs. non-organizational mobilization. Opportunities for Participation A Street Demonstration Study  Sympathizing with grievances, being targeted for mobilization, motivation to protest, and overcoming barriers all shape street protest participation.  Friends help participants follow through on their intentions to demonstrate rather than defecting. A Petition Study  Signing a petition has much higher participation rates than demonstrating, showing the impact of protest type.  Local organizational effectiveness at recruiting volunteer signature collectors reduced failure to sign among sympathizers. Protest Issues and Multi-Organizational Fields The Role of Issues  Different protest issues tend to appeal to different segments of the potential constituency based on which groups are most affected.  "Particularistic" issues concern a specific group's interests, like student fees or health care worker pay. "Universalistic" issues have a much broader scope, like environmentalism.  The types of issues and claims made by organizers are linked to what types of organizers emerge and what sorts of crowds they bring to protests. For example, labor unions making economic claims tend to draw different protesters than Occupy-type groups making anti-system claims. Embeddedness in Multi-Organizational Fields  Social movements exist within broader multi-organizational fields (MOFs) consisting of allied groups and opposed/countermovement organizations.  A movement's organizational field relates to existing societal cleavages like class, religion, or political ideology. These cleavages shape the mobilization base.  The density of organizations in a MOF impacts how embedded individuals are in the field. This affects whether they are targeted for mobilization and receptive to appeals. Mechanisms Constructing the Supply Side The Role of Embeddedness  The extent to which a protest's mobilizing structure overlaps with the MOFs participants are already embedded in affects the share of unaffiliated protesters.  Communication channels and timing of recruitment tends to vary based on embeddedness. The less embedded rely more on open outreach. Identity Formation Dynamics  Identification with protest organizers is a deductive form of identity shaped in a top-down manner. Identification with fellow participants is an inductive identity formed bottom-up.  Whether identity formation follows a top-down vs. bottom-up pattern depends in part on the organizational density of the constituency.  Identification inherently involves inclusion of some groups and exclusion of others. This shapes participation. A Study on Identity Formation Patterns  Identification with organizers relates to social embeddedness in the organizing groups.  Identification with participants stems from shared grievances and fate around the protest issue.  Different patterns of identification likely emerge for protests with established organizational bases vs. non-organizational mobilization. Opportunities for Participation A Street Demonstration Study  Sympathizing with grievances, being targeted for mobilization, motivation to protest, and overcoming barriers all shape street protest participation.  Friends help participants follow through on their intentions to demonstrate rather than defecting. A Petition Study  Signing a petition has much higher participation rates than demonstrating, showing the impact of protest type.  Local organizational effectiveness at recruiting volunteer signature collectors reduced failure to sign among sympathizers. Protest Issues and Multi-Organizational Fields The Role of Issues  Different protest issues tend to appeal to different segments of the potential constituency based on which groups are most affected.  "Particularistic" issues concern a specific group's interests, like student fees or health care worker pay. "Universalistic" issues have a much broader scope, like environmentalism.  The types of issues and claims made by organizers are linked to what types of organizers emerge and what sorts of crowds they bring to protests. For example, labor unions making economic claims tend to draw different protesters than Occupy-type groups making anti-system claims. Embeddedness in Multi-Organizational Fields  Social movements exist within broader multi-organizational fields (MOFs) consisting of allied groups and opposed/countermovement organizations.  A movement's organizational field relates to existing societal cleavages like class, religion, or political ideology. These cleavages shape the mobilization base.  The density of organizations in a MOF impacts how embedded individuals are in the field. This affects whether they are targeted for mobilization and receptive to appeals. Mechanisms Constructing the Supply Side The Role of Embeddedness  The extent to which a protest's mobilizing structure overlaps with the MOFs participants are already embedded in affects the share of unaffiliated protesters.  Communication channels and timing of recruitment tends to vary based on embeddedness. The less embedded rely more on open outreach. Identity Formation Dynamics  Identification with protest organizers is a deductive form of identity shaped in a top-down manner. Identification with fellow participants is an inductive identity formed bottom-up.  Whether identity formation follows a top-down vs. bottom-up pattern depends in part on the organizational density of the constituency.  Identification inherently involves inclusion of some groups and exclusion of others. This shapes participation. A Study on Identity Formation Patterns  Identification with organizers relates to social embeddedness in the organizing groups.  Identification with participants stems from shared grievances and fate around the protest issue.  Different patterns of identification likely emerge for protests with established organizational bases vs. non-organizational mobilization. Opportunities for Participation A Street Demonstration Study  Sympathizing with grievances, being targeted for mobilization, motivation to protest, and overcoming barriers all shape street protest participation.  Friends help participants follow through on their intentions to demonstrate rather than defecting. A Petition Study  Signing a petition has much higher participation rates than demonstrating, showing the impact of protest type.  Local organizational effectiveness at recruiting volunteer signature collectors reduced failure to sign among sympathizers. Protest Issues and Multi-Organizational Fields The Role of Issues  Different protest issues tend to appeal to different segments of the potential constituency based on which groups are most affected.  "Particularistic" issues concern a specific group's interests, like student fees or health care worker pay. "Universalistic" issues have a much broader scope, like environmentalism.  The types of issues and claims made by organizers are linked to what types of organizers emerge and what sorts of crowds they bring to protests. For example, labor unions making economic claims tend to draw different protesters than Occupy-type groups making anti-system claims. Embeddedness in Multi-Organizational Fields  Social movements exist within broader multi-organizational fields (MOFs) consisting of allied groups and opposed/countermovement organizations.  A movement's organizational field relates to existing societal cleavages like class, religion, or political ideology. These cleavages shape the mobilization base.  The density of organizations in a MOF impacts how embedded individuals are in the field. This affects whether they are targeted for mobilization and receptive to appeals. Mechanisms Constructing the Supply Side The Role of Embeddedness  The extent to which a protest's mobilizing structure overlaps with the MOFs participants are already embedded in affects the share of unaffiliated protesters.  Communication channels and timing of recruitment tends to vary based on embeddedness. The less embedded rely more on open outreach. Identity Formation Dynamics  Identification with protest organizers is a deductive form of identity shaped in a top-down manner. Identification with fellow participants is an inductive identity formed bottom-up.  Whether identity formation follows a top-down vs. bottom-up pattern depends in part on the organizational density of the constituency.  Identification inherently involves inclusion of some groups and exclusion of others. This shapes participation. A Study on Identity Formation Patterns  Identification with organizers relates to social embeddedness in the organizing groups.  Identification with participants stems from shared grievances and fate around the protest issue.  Different patterns of identification likely emerge for protests with established organizational bases vs. non-organizational mobilization. Opportunities for Participation A Street Demonstration Study  Sympathizing with grievances, being targeted for mobilization, motivation to protest, and overcoming barriers all shape street protest participation.  Friends help participants follow through on their intentions to demonstrate rather than defecting. A Petition Study  Signing a petition has much higher participation rates than demonstrating, showing the impact of protest type.  Local organizational effectiveness at recruiting volunteer signature collectors reduced failure to sign among sympathizers. Protest Issues and Multi-Organizational Fields The Role of Issues  Different protest issues tend to appeal to different segments of the potential constituency based on which groups are most affected.  "Particularistic" issues concern a specific group's interests, like student fees or health care worker pay. "Universalistic" issues have a much broader scope, like environmentalism.  The types of issues and claims made by organizers are linked to what types of organizers emerge and what sorts of crowds they bring to protests. For example, labor unions making economic claims tend to draw different protesters than Occupy-type groups making anti-system claims. Embeddedness in Multi-Organizational Fields  Social movements exist within broader multi-organizational fields (MOFs) consisting of allied groups and opposed/countermovement organizations.  A movement's organizational field relates to existing societal cleavages like class, religion, or political ideology. These cleavages shape the mobilization base.  The density of organizations in a MOF impacts how embedded individuals are in the field. This affects whether they are targeted for mobilization and receptive to appeals. Mechanisms Constructing the Supply Side The Role of Embeddedness  The extent to which a protest's mobilizing structure overlaps with the MOFs participants are already embedded in affects the share of unaffiliated protesters.  Communication channels and timing of recruitment tends to vary based on embeddedness. The less embedded rely more on open outreach. Identity Formation Dynamics  Identification with protest organizers is a deductive form of identity shaped in a top-down manner. Identification with fellow participants is an inductive identity formed bottom-up.  Whether identity formation follows a top-down vs. bottom-up pattern depends in part on the organizational density of the constituency.  Identification inherently involves inclusion of some groups and exclusion of others. This shapes participation. A Study on Identity Formation Patterns  Identification with organizers relates to social embeddedness in the organizing groups.  Identification with participants stems from shared grievances and fate around the protest issue.  Different patterns of identification likely emerge for protests with established organizational bases vs. non-organizational mobilization. Opportunities for Participation A Street Demonstration Study  Sympathizing with grievances, being targeted for mobilization, motivation to protest, and overcoming barriers all shape street protest participation.  Friends help participants follow through on their intentions to demonstrate rather than defecting. A Petition Study  Signing a petition has much higher participation rates than demonstrating, showing the impact of protest type.  Local organizational effectiveness at recruiting volunteer signature collectors reduced failure to sign among sympathizers. Protest Issues and Multi-Organizational Fields The Role of Issues  Different protest issues tend to appeal to different segments of the potential constituency based on which groups are most affected.  "Particularistic" issues concern a specific group's interests, like student fees or health care worker pay. "Universalistic" issues have a much broader scope, like environmentalism.  The types of issues and claims made by organizers are linked to what types of organizers emerge and what sorts of crowds they bring to protests. For example, labor unions making economic claims tend to draw different protesters than Occupy-type groups making anti-system claims. Embeddedness in Multi-Organizational Fields  Social movements exist within broader multi-organizational fields (MOFs) consisting of allied groups and opposed/countermovement organizations.  A movement's organizational field relates to existing societal cleavages like class, religion, or political ideology. These cleavages shape the mobilization base.  The density of organizations in a MOF impacts how embedded individuals are in the field. This affects whether they are targeted for mobilization and receptive to appeals. Mechanisms Constructing the Supply Side The Role of Embeddedness  The extent to which a protest's mobilizing structure overlaps with the MOFs participants are already embedded in affects the share of unaffiliated protesters.  Communication channels and timing of recruitment tends to vary based on embeddedness. The less embedded rely more on open outreach. Identity Formation Dynamics  Identification with protest organizers is a deductive form of identity shaped in a top-down manner. Identification with fellow participants is an inductive identity formed bottom-up.  Whether identity formation follows a top-down vs. bottom-up pattern depends in part on the organizational density of the constituency.  Identification inherently involves inclusion of some groups and exclusion of others. This shapes participation. A Study on Identity Formation Patterns  Identification with organizers relates to social embeddedness in the organizing groups.  Identification with participants stems from shared grievances and fate around the protest issue.  Different patterns of identification likely emerge for protests with established organizational bases vs. non-organizational mobilization. Opportunities for Participation A Street Demonstration Study  Sympathizing with grievances, being targeted for mobilization, motivation to protest, and overcoming barriers all shape street protest participation.  Friends help participants follow through on their intentions to demonstrate rather than defecting. A Petition Study  Signing a petition has much higher participation rates than demonstrating, showing the impact of protest type.  Local organizational effectiveness at recruiting volunteer signature collectors reduced failure to sign among sympathizers. Protest Issues and Multi-Organizational Fields The Role of Issues  Different protest issues tend to appeal to different segments of the potential constituency based on which groups are most affected.  "Particularistic" issues concern a specific group's interests, like student fees or health care worker pay. "Universalistic" issues have a much broader scope, like environmentalism.  The types of issues and claims made by organizers are linked to what types of organizers emerge and what sorts of crowds they bring to protests. For example, labor unions making economic claims tend to draw different protesters than Occupy-type groups making anti-system claims. Embeddedness in Multi-Organizational Fields  Social movements exist within broader multi-organizational fields (MOFs) consisting of allied groups and opposed/countermovement organizations.  A movement's organizational field relates to existing societal cleavages like class, religion, or political ideology. These cleavages shape the mobilization base.  The density of organizations in a MOF impacts how embedded individuals are in the field. This affects whether they are targeted for mobilization and receptive to appeals. Mechanisms Constructing the Supply Side The Role of Embeddedness  The extent to which a protest's mobilizing structure overlaps with the MOFs participants are already embedded in affects the share of unaffiliated protesters.  Communication channels and timing of recruitment tends to vary based on embeddedness. The less embedded rely more on open outreach. Identity Formation Dynamics  Identification with protest organizers is a deductive form of identity shaped in a top-down manner. Identification with fellow participants is an inductive identity formed bottom-up.  Whether identity formation follows a top-down vs. bottom-up pattern depends in part on the organizational density of the constituency.  Identification inherently involves inclusion of some groups and exclusion of others. This shapes participation. A Study on Identity Formation Patterns  Identification with organizers relates to social embeddedness in the organizing groups.  Identification with participants stems from shared grievances and fate around the protest issue.  Different patterns of identification likely emerge for protests with established organizational bases vs. non-organizational mobilization. Opportunities for Participation A Street Demonstration Study  Sympathizing with grievances, being targeted for mobilization, motivation to protest, and overcoming barriers all shape street protest participation.  Friends help participants follow through on their intentions to demonstrate rather than defecting. A Petition Study  Signing a petition has much higher participation rates than demonstrating, showing the impact of protest type.  Local organizational effectiveness at recruiting volunteer signature collectors reduced failure to sign among sympathizers. Protest Issues and Multi-Organizational Fields The Role of Issues  Different protest issues tend to appeal to different segments of the potential constituency based on which groups are most affected.  "Particularistic" issues concern a specific group's interests, like student fees or health care worker pay. "Universalistic" issues have a much broader scope, like environmentalism.  The types of issues and claims made by organizers are linked to what types of organizers emerge and what sorts of crowds they bring to protests. For example, labor unions making economic claims tend to draw different protesters than Occupy-type groups making anti-system claims. Embeddedness in Multi-Organizational Fields  Social movements exist within broader multi-organizational fields (MOFs) consisting of allied groups and opposed/countermovement organizations.  A movement's organizational field relates to existing societal cleavages like class, religion, or political ideology. These cleavages shape the mobilization base.  The density of organizations in a MOF impacts how embedded individuals are in the field. This affects whether they are targeted for mobilization and receptive to appeals. Mechanisms Constructing the Supply Side The Role of Embeddedness  The extent to which a protest's mobilizing structure overlaps with the MOFs participants are already embedded in affects the share of unaffiliated protesters.  Communication channels and timing of recruitment tends to vary based on embeddedness. The less embedded rely more on open outreach. Identity Formation Dynamics  Identification with protest organizers is a deductive form of identity shaped in a top-down manner. Identification with fellow participants is an inductive identity formed bottom-up.  Whether identity formation follows a top-down vs. bottom-up pattern depends in part on the organizational density of the constituency.  Identification inherently involves inclusion of some groups and exclusion of others. This shapes participation. A Study on Identity Formation Patterns  Identification with organizers relates to social embeddedness in the organizing groups.  Identification with participants stems from shared grievances and fate around the protest issue.  Different patterns of identification likely emerge for protests with established organizational bases vs. non-organizational mobilization. Opportunities for Participation A Street Demonstration Study  Sympathizing with grievances, being targeted for mobilization, motivation to protest, and overcoming barriers all shape street protest participation.  Friends help participants follow through on their intentions to demonstrate rather than defecting. A Petition Study  Signing a petition has much higher participation rates than demonstrating, showing the impact of protest type.  Local organizational effectiveness at recruiting volunteer signature collectors reduced failure to sign among sympathizers. Protest Issues and Multi-Organizational Fields The Role of Issues  Different protest issues tend to appeal to different segments of the potential constituency based on which groups are most affected.  "Particularistic" issues concern a specific group's interests, like student fees or health care worker pay. "Universalistic" issues have a much broader scope, like environmentalism.  The types of issues and claims made by organizers are linked to what types of organizers emerge and what sorts of crowds they bring to protests. For example, labor unions making economic claims tend to draw different protesters than Occupy-type groups making anti-system claims. Embeddedness in Multi-Organizational Fields  Social movements exist within broader multi-organizational fields (MOFs) consisting of allied groups and opposed/countermovement organizations.  A movement's organizational field relates to existing societal cleavages like class, religion, or political ideology. These cleavages shape the mobilization base.  The density of organizations in a MOF impacts how embedded individuals are in the field. This affects whether they are targeted for mobilization and receptive to appeals. Mechanisms Constructing the Supply Side The Role of Embeddedness  The extent to which a protest's mobilizing structure overlaps with the MOFs participants are already embedded in affects the share of unaffiliated protesters.  Communication channels and timing of recruitment tends to vary based on embeddedness. The less embedded rely more on open outreach. Identity Formation Dynamics  Identification with protest organizers is a deductive form of identity shaped in a top-down manner. Identification with fellow participants is an inductive identity formed bottom-up.  Whether identity formation follows a top-down vs. bottom-up pattern depends in part on the organizational density of the constituency.  Identification inherently involves inclusion of some groups and exclusion of others. This shapes participation. A Study on Identity Formation Patterns  Identification with organizers relates to social embeddedness in the organizing groups.  Identification with participants stems from shared grievances and fate around the protest issue.  Different patterns of identification likely emerge for protests with established organizational bases vs. non-organizational mobilization. Opportunities for Participation A Street Demonstration Study  Sympathizing with grievances, being targeted for mobilization, motivation to protest, and overcoming barriers all shape street protest participation.  Friends help participants follow through on their intentions to demonstrate rather than defecting. A Petition Study  Signing a petition has much higher participation rates than demonstrating, showing the impact of protest type.  Local organizational effectiveness at recruiting volunteer signature collectors reduced failure to sign among sympathizers. Protest Issues and Multi-Organizational Fields The Role of Issues  Different protest issues tend to appeal to different segments of the potential constituency based on which groups are most affected.  "Particularistic" issues concern a specific group's interests, like student fees or health care worker pay. "Universalistic" issues have a much broader scope, like environmentalism.  The types of issues and claims made by organizers are linked to what types of organizers emerge and what sorts of crowds they bring to protests. For example, labor unions making economic claims tend to draw different protesters than Occupy-type groups making anti-system claims. Embeddedness in Multi-Organizational Fields  Social movements exist within broader multi-organizational fields (MOFs) consisting of allied groups and opposed/countermovement organizations.  A movement's organizational field relates to existing societal cleavages like class, religion, or political ideology. These cleavages shape the mobilization base.  The density of organizations in a MOF impacts how embedded individuals are in the field. This affects whether they are targeted for mobilization and receptive to appeals. Mechanisms Constructing the Supply Side The Role of Embeddedness  The extent to which a protest's mobilizing structure overlaps with the MOFs participants are already embedded in affects the share of unaffiliated protesters.  Communication channels and timing of recruitment tends to vary based on embeddedness. The less embedded rely more on open outreach. Identity Formation Dynamics  Identification with protest organizers is a deductive form of identity shaped in a top-down manner. Identification with fellow participants is an inductive identity formed bottom-up.  Whether identity formation follows a top-down vs. bottom-up pattern depends in part on the organizational density of the constituency.  Identification inherently involves inclusion of some groups and exclusion of others. This shapes participation. A Study on Identity Formation Patterns  Identification with organizers relates to social embeddedness in the organizing groups.  Identification with participants stems from shared grievances and fate around the protest issue.  Different patterns of identification likely emerge for protests with established organizational bases vs. non-organizational mobilization. Opportunities for Participation A Street Demonstration Study  Sympathizing with grievances, being targeted for mobilization, motivation to protest, and overcoming barriers all shape street protest participation.  Friends help participants follow through on their intentions to demonstrate rather than defecting. A Petition Study  Signing a petition has much higher participation rates than demonstrating, showing the impact of protest type.  Local organizational effectiveness at recruiting volunteer signature collectors reduced failure to sign among sympathizers. Protest Issues and Multi-Organizational Fields The Role of Issues  Different protest issues tend to appeal to different segments of the potential constituency based on which groups are most affected.  "Particularistic" issues concern a specific group's interests, like student fees or health care worker pay. "Universalistic" issues have a much broader scope, like environmentalism.  The types of issues and claims made by organizers are linked to what types of organizers emerge and what sorts of crowds they bring to protests. For example, labor unions making economic claims tend to draw different protesters than Occupy-type groups making anti-system claims. Embeddedness in Multi-Organizational Fields  Social movements exist within broader multi-organizational fields (MOFs) consisting of allied groups and opposed/countermovement organizations.  A movement's organizational field relates to existing societal cleavages like class, religion, or political ideology. These cleavages shape the mobilization base.  The density of organizations in a MOF impacts how embedded individuals are in the field. This affects whether they are targeted for mobilization and receptive to appeals. Mechanisms Constructing the Supply Side The Role of Embeddedness  The extent to which a protest's mobilizing structure overlaps with the MOFs participants are already embedded in affects the share of unaffiliated protesters.  Communication channels and timing of recruitment tends to vary based on embeddedness. The less embedded rely more on open outreach. Identity Formation Dynamics  Identification with protest organizers is a deductive form of identity shaped in a top-down manner. Identification with fellow participants is an inductive identity formed bottom-up.  Whether identity formation follows a top-down vs. bottom-up pattern depends in part on the organizational density of the constituency.  Identification inherently involves inclusion of some groups and exclusion of others. This shapes participation. A Study on Identity Formation Patterns  Identification with organizers relates to social embeddedness in the organizing groups.  Identification with participants stems from shared grievances and fate around the protest issue.  Different patterns of identification likely emerge for protests with established organizational bases vs. non-organizational mobilization. Opportunities for Participation A Street Demonstration Study  Sympathizing with grievances, being targeted for mobilization, motivation to protest, and overcoming barriers all shape street protest participation.  Friends help participants follow through on their intentions to demonstrate rather than defecting. A Petition Study  Signing a petition has much higher participation rates than demonstrating, showing the impact of protest type.  Local organizational effectiveness at recruiting volunteer signature collectors reduced failure to sign among sympathizers. Protest Issues and Multi-Organizational Fields The Role of Issues  Different protest issues tend to appeal to different segments of the potential constituency based on which groups are most affected.  "Particularistic" issues concern a specific group's interests, like student fees or health care worker pay. "Universalistic" issues have a much broader scope, like environmentalism.  The types of issues and claims made by organizers are linked to what types of organizers emerge and what sorts of crowds they bring to protests. For example, labor unions making economic claims tend to draw different protesters than Occupy-type groups making anti-system claims. Embeddedness in Multi-Organizational Fields  Social movements exist within broader multi-organizational fields (MOFs) consisting of allied groups and opposed/countermovement organizations.  A movement's organizational field relates to existing societal cleavages like class, religion, or political ideology. These cleavages shape the mobilization base.  The density of organizations in a MOF impacts how embedded individuals are in the field. This affects whether they are targeted for mobilization and receptive to appeals. Mechanisms Constructing the Supply Side The Role of Embeddedness  The extent to which a protest's mobilizing structure overlaps with the MOFs participants are already embedded in affects the share of unaffiliated protesters.  Communication channels and timing of recruitment tends to vary based on embeddedness. The less embedded rely more on open outreach. Identity Formation Dynamics  Identification with protest organizers is a deductive form of identity shaped in a top-down manner. Identification with fellow participants is an inductive identity formed bottom-up.  Whether identity formation follows a top-down vs. bottom-up pattern depends in part on the organizational density of the constituency.  Identification inherently involves inclusion of some groups and exclusion of others. This shapes participation. A Study on Identity Formation Patterns  Identification with organizers relates to social embeddedness in the organizing groups.  Identification with participants stems from shared grievances and fate around the protest issue.  Different patterns of identification likely emerge for protests with established organizational bases vs. non-organizational mobilization. Opportunities for Participation A Street Demonstration Study  Sympathizing with grievances, being targeted for mobilization, motivation to protest, and overcoming barriers all shape street protest participation.  Friends help participants follow through on their intentions to demonstrate rather than defecting. A Petition Study  Signing a petition has much higher participation rates than demonstrating, showing the impact of protest type.  Local organizational effectiveness at recruiting volunteer signature collectors reduced failure to sign among sympathizers. Protest Issues and Multi-Organizational Fields The Role of Issues  Different protest issues tend to appeal to different segments of the potential constituency based on which groups are most affected.  "Particularistic" issues concern a specific group's interests, like student fees or health care worker pay. "Universalistic" issues have a much broader scope, like environmentalism.  The types of issues and claims made by organizers are linked to what types of organizers emerge and what sorts of crowds they bring to protests. For example, labor unions making economic claims tend to draw different protesters than Occupy-type groups making anti-system claims. Embeddedness in Multi-Organizational Fields  Social movements exist within broader multi-organizational fields (MOFs) consisting of allied groups and opposed/countermovement organizations.  A movement's organizational field relates to existing societal cleavages like class, religion, or political ideology. These cleavages shape the mobilization base.  The density of organizations in a MOF impacts how embedded individuals are in the field. This affects whether they are targeted for mobilization and receptive to appeals. Mechanisms Constructing the Supply Side The Role of Embeddedness  The extent to which a protest's mobilizing structure overlaps with the MOFs participants are already embedded in affects the share of unaffiliated protesters.  Communication channels and timing of recruitment tends to vary based on embeddedness. The less embedded rely more on open outreach. Identity Formation Dynamics  Identification with protest organizers is a deductive form of identity shaped in a top-down manner. Identification with fellow participants is an inductive identity formed bottom-up.  Whether identity formation follows a top-down vs. bottom-up pattern depends in part on the organizational density of the constituency.  Identification inherently involves inclusion of some groups and exclusion of others. This shapes participation. A Study on Identity Formation Patterns  Identification with organizers relates to social embeddedness in the organizing groups.  Identification with participants stems from shared grievances and fate around the protest issue.  Different patterns of identification likely emerge for protests with established organizational bases vs. non-organizational mobilization. Opportunities for Participation A Street Demonstration Study  Sympathizing with grievances, being targeted for mobilization, motivation to protest, and overcoming barriers all shape street protest participation.  Friends help participants follow through on their intentions to demonstrate rather than defecting. A Petition Study  Signing a petition has much higher participation rates than demonstrating, showing the impact of protest type.  Local organizational effectiveness at recruiting volunteer signature collectors reduced failure to sign among sympathizers. Protest Issues and Multi-Organizational Fields The Role of Issues  Different protest issues tend to appeal to different segments of the potential constituency based on which groups are most affected.  "Particularistic" issues concern a specific group's interests, like student fees or health care worker pay. "Universalistic" issues have a much broader scope, like environmentalism.  The types of issues and claims made by organizers are linked to what types of organizers emerge and what sorts of crowds they bring to protests. For example, labor unions making economic claims tend to draw different protesters than Occupy-type groups making anti-system claims. Embeddedness in Multi-Organizational Fields  Social movements exist within broader multi-organizational fields (MOFs) consisting of allied groups and opposed/countermovement organizations.  A movement's organizational field relates to existing societal cleavages like class, religion, or political ideology. These cleavages shape the mobilization base.  The density of organizations in a MOF impacts how embedded individuals are in the field. This affects whether they are targeted for mobilization and receptive to appeals. Mechanisms Constructing the Supply Side The Role of Embeddedness  The extent to which a protest's mobilizing structure overlaps with the MOFs participants are already embedded in affects the share of unaffiliated protesters.  Communication channels and timing of recruitment tends to vary based on embeddedness. The less embedded rely more on open outreach. Identity Formation Dynamics  Identification with protest organizers is a deductive form of identity shaped in a top-down manner. Identification with fellow participants is an inductive identity formed bottom-up.  Whether identity formation follows a top-down vs. bottom-up pattern depends in part on the organizational density of the constituency.  Identification inherently involves inclusion of some groups and exclusion of others. This shapes participation. A Study on Identity Formation Patterns  Identification with organizers relates to social embeddedness in the organizing groups.  Identification with participants stems from shared grievances and fate around the protest issue.  Different patterns of identification likely emerge for protests with established organizational bases vs. non-organizational mobilization. Opportunities for Participation A Street Demonstration Study  Sympathizing with grievances, being targeted for mobilization, motivation to protest, and overcoming barriers all shape street protest participation.  Friends help participants follow through on their intentions to demonstrate rather than defecting. A Petition Study  Signing a petition has much higher participation rates than demonstrating, showing the impact of protest type.  Local organizational effectiveness at recruiting volunteer signature collectors reduced failure to sign among sympathizers. Protest Issues and Multi-Organizational Fields The Role of Issues  Different protest issues tend to appeal to different segments of the potential constituency based on which groups are most affected.  "Particularistic" issues concern a specific group's interests, like student fees or health care worker pay. "Universalistic" issues have a much broader scope, like environmentalism.  The types of issues and claims made by organizers are linked to what types of organizers emerge and what sorts of crowds they bring to protests. For example, labor unions making economic claims tend to draw different protesters than Occupy-type groups making anti-system claims. Embeddedness in Multi-Organizational Fields  Social movements exist within broader multi-organizational fields (MOFs) consisting of allied groups and opposed/countermovement organizations.  A movement's organizational field relates to existing societal cleavages like class, religion, or political ideology. These cleavages shape the mobilization base.  The density of organizations in a MOF impacts how embedded individuals are in the field. This affects whether they are targeted for mobilization and receptive to appeals. Mechanisms Constructing the Supply Side The Role of Embeddedness  The extent to which a protest's mobilizing structure overlaps with the MOFs participants are already embedded in affects the share of unaffiliated protesters.  Communication channels and timing of recruitment tends to vary based on embeddedness. The less embedded rely more on open outreach. Identity Formation Dynamics  Identification with protest organizers is a deductive form of identity shaped in a top-down manner. Identification with fellow participants is an inductive identity formed bottom-up.  Whether identity formation follows a top-down vs. bottom-up pattern depends in part on the organizational density of the constituency.  Identification inherently involves inclusion of some groups and exclusion of others. This shapes participation. A Study on Identity Formation Patterns  Identification with organizers relates to social embeddedness in the organizing groups.  Identification with participants stems from shared grievances and fate around the protest issue.  Different patterns of identification likely emerge for protests with established organizational bases vs. non-organizational mobilization. Opportunities for Participation A Street Demonstration Study  Sympathizing with grievances, being targeted for mobilization, motivation to protest, and overcoming barriers all shape street protest participation.  Friends help participants follow through on their intentions to demonstrate rather than defecting. A Petition Study  Signing a petition has much higher participation rates than demonstrating, showing the impact of protest type.  Local organizational effectiveness at recruiting volunteer signature collectors reduced failure to sign among sympathizers. Protest Issues and Multi-Organizational Fields The Role of Issues  Different protest issues tend to appeal to different segments of the potential constituency based on which groups are most affected.  "Particularistic" issues concern a specific group's interests, like student fees or health care worker pay. "Universalistic" issues have a much broader scope, like environmentalism.  The types of issues and claims made by organizers are linked to what types of organizers emerge and what sorts of crowds they bring to protests. For example, labor unions making economic claims tend to draw different protesters than Occupy-type groups making anti-system claims. Embeddedness in Multi-Organizational Fields  Social movements exist within broader multi-organizational fields (MOFs) consisting of allied groups and opposed/countermovement organizations.  A movement's organizational field relates to existing societal cleavages like class, religion, or political ideology. These cleavages shape the mobilization base.  The density of organizations in a MOF impacts how embedded individuals are in the field. This affects whether they are targeted for mobilization and receptive to appeals. Mechanisms Constructing the Supply Side The Role of Embeddedness  The extent to which a protest's mobilizing structure overlaps with the MOFs participants are already embedded in affects the share of unaffiliated protesters.  Communication channels and timing of recruitment tends to vary based on embeddedness. The less embedded rely more on open outreach. Identity Formation Dynamics  Identification with protest organizers is a deductive form of identity shaped in a top-down manner. Identification with fellow participants is an inductive identity formed bottom-up.  Whether identity formation follows a top-down vs. bottom-up pattern depends in part on the organizational density of the constituency.  Identification inherently involves inclusion of some groups and exclusion of others. This shapes participation. A Study on Identity Formation Patterns  Identification with organizers relates to social embeddedness in the organizing groups.  Identification with participants stems from shared grievances and fate around the protest issue.  Different patterns of identification likely emerge for protests with established organizational bases vs. non-organizational mobilization. Opportunities for Participation A Street Demonstration Study  Sympathizing with grievances, being targeted for mobilization, motivation to protest, and overcoming barriers all shape street protest participation.  Friends help participants follow through on their intentions to demonstrate rather than defecting. A Petition Study  Signing a petition has much higher participation rates than demonstrating, showing the impact of protest type.  Local organizational effectiveness at recruiting volunteer signature collectors reduced failure to sign among sympathizers. Protest Issues and Multi-Organizational Fields The Role of Issues  Different protest issues tend to appeal to different segments of the potential constituency based on which groups are most affected.  "Particularistic" issues concern a specific group's interests, like student fees or health care worker pay. "Universalistic" issues have a much broader scope, like environmentalism.  The types of issues and claims made by organizers are linked to what types of organizers emerge and what sorts of crowds they bring to protests. For example, labor unions making economic claims tend to draw different protesters than Occupy-type groups making anti-system claims. Embeddedness in Multi-Organizational Fields  Social movements exist within broader multi-organizational fields (MOFs) consisting of allied groups and opposed/countermovement organizations.  A movement's organizational field relates to existing societal cleavages like class, religion, or political ideology. These cleavages shape the mobilization base.  The density of organizations in a MOF impacts how embedded individuals are in the field. This affects whether they are targeted for mobilization and receptive to appeals. Mechanisms Constructing the Supply Side The Role of Embeddedness  The extent to which a protest's mobilizing structure overlaps with the MOFs participants are already embedded in affects the share of unaffiliated protesters.  Communication channels and timing of recruitment tends to vary based on embeddedness. The less embedded rely more on open outreach. Identity Formation Dynamics  Identification with protest organizers is a deductive form of identity shaped in a top-down manner. Identification with fellow participants is an inductive identity formed bottom-up.  Whether identity formation follows a top-down vs. bottom-up pattern depends in part on the organizational density of the constituency.  Identification inherently involves inclusion of some groups and exclusion of others. This shapes participation. A Study on Identity Formation Patterns  Identification with organizers relates to social embeddedness in the organizing groups.  Identification with participants stems from shared grievances and fate around the protest issue.  Different patterns of identification likely emerge for protests with established organizational bases vs. non-organizational mobilization. Opportunities for Participation A Street Demonstration Study  Sympathizing with grievances, being targeted for mobilization, motivation to protest, and overcoming barriers all shape street protest participation.  Friends help participants follow through on their intentions to demonstrate rather than defecting. A Petition Study  Signing a petition has much higher participation rates than demonstrating, showing the impact of protest type.  Local organizational effectiveness at recruiting volunteer signature collectors reduced failure to sign among sympathizers. Protest Issues and Multi-Organizational Fields The Role of Issues  Different protest issues tend to appeal to different segments of the potential constituency based on which groups are most affected.  "Particularistic" issues concern a specific group's interests, like student fees or health care worker pay. "Universalistic" issues have a much broader scope, like environmentalism.  The types of issues and claims made by organizers are linked to what types of organizers emerge and what sorts of crowds they bring to protests. For example, labor unions making economic claims tend to draw different protesters than Occupy-type groups making anti-system claims. Embeddedness in Multi-Organizational Fields  Social movements exist within broader multi-organizational fields (MOFs) consisting of allied groups and opposed/countermovement organizations.  A movement's organizational field relates to existing societal cleavages like class, religion, or political ideology. These cleavages shape the mobilization base.  The density of organizations in a MOF impacts how embedded individuals are in the field. This affects whether they are targeted for mobilization and receptive to appeals. Mechanisms Constructing the Supply Side The Role of Embeddedness  The extent to which a protest's mobilizing structure overlaps with the MOFs participants are already embedded in affects the share of unaffiliated protesters.  Communication channels and timing of recruitment tends to vary based on embeddedness. The less embedded rely more on open outreach. Identity Formation Dynamics  Identification with protest organizers is a deductive form of identity shaped in a top-down manner. Identification with fellow participants is an inductive identity formed bottom-up.  Whether identity formation follows a top-down vs. bottom-up pattern depends in part on the organizational density of the constituency.  Identification inherently involves inclusion of some groups and exclusion of others. This shapes participation. A Study on Identity Formation Patterns  Identification with organizers relates to social embeddedness in the organizing groups.  Identification with participants stems from shared grievances and fate around the protest issue.  Different patterns of identification likely emerge for protests with established organizational bases vs. non-organizational mobilization. Opportunities for Participation A Street Demonstration Study  Sympathizing with grievances, being targeted for mobilization, motivation to protest, and overcoming barriers all shape street protest participation.  Friends help participants follow through on their intentions to demonstrate rather than defecting. A Petition Study  Signing a petition has much higher participation rates than demonstrating, showing the impact of protest type.  Local organizational effectiveness at recruiting volunteer signature collectors reduced failure to sign among sympathizers. Protest Issues and Multi-Organizational Fields The Role of Issues  Different protest issues tend to appeal to different segments of the potential constituency based on which groups are most affected.  "Particularistic" issues concern a specific group's interests, like student fees or health care worker pay. "Universalistic" issues have a much broader scope, like environmentalism.  The types of issues and claims made by organizers are linked to what types of organizers emerge and what sorts of crowds they bring to protests. For example, labor unions making economic claims tend to draw different protesters than Occupy-type groups making anti-system claims. Embeddedness in Multi-Organizational Fields  Social movements exist within broader multi-organizational fields (MOFs) consisting of allied groups and opposed/countermovement organizations.  A movement's organizational field relates to existing societal cleavages like class, religion, or political ideology. These cleavages shape the mobilization base.  The density of organizations in a MOF impacts how embedded individuals are in the field. This affects whether they are targeted for mobilization and receptive to appeals. Mechanisms Constructing the Supply Side The Role of Embeddedness  The extent to which a protest's mobilizing structure overlaps with the MOFs participants are already embedded in affects the share of unaffiliated protesters.  Communication channels and timing of recruitment tends to vary based on embeddedness. The less embedded rely more on open outreach. Identity Formation Dynamics  Identification with protest organizers is a deductive form of identity shaped in a top-down manner. Identification with fellow participants is an inductive identity formed bottom-up.  Whether identity formation follows a top-down vs. bottom-up pattern depends in part on the organizational density of the constituency.  Identification inherently involves inclusion of some groups and exclusion of others. This shapes participation. A Study on Identity Formation Patterns  Identification with organizers relates to social embeddedness in the organizing groups.  Identification with participants stems from shared grievances and fate around the protest issue.  Different patterns of identification likely emerge for protests with established organizational bases vs. non-organizational mobilization. Opportunities for Participation A Street Demonstration Study  Sympathizing with grievances, being targeted for mobilization, motivation to protest, and overcoming barriers all shape street protest participation.  Friends help participants follow through on their intentions to demonstrate rather than defecting. A Petition Study  Signing a petition has much higher participation rates than demonstrating, showing the impact of protest type.  Local organizational effectiveness at recruiting volunteer signature collectors reduced failure to sign among sympathizers. Protest Issues and Multi-Organizational Fields The Role of Issues  Different protest issues tend to appeal to different segments of the potential constituency based on which groups are most affected.  "Particularistic" issues concern a specific group's interests, like student fees or health care worker pay. "Universalistic" issues have a much broader scope, like environmentalism.  The types of issues and claims made by organizers are linked to what types of organizers emerge and what sorts of crowds they bring to protests. For example, labor unions making economic claims tend to draw different protesters than Occupy-type groups making anti-system claims. Embeddedness in Multi-Organizational Fields  Social movements exist within broader multi-organizational fields (MOFs) consisting of allied groups and opposed/countermovement organizations.  A movement's organizational field relates to existing societal cleavages like class, religion, or political ideology. These cleavages shape the mobilization base.  The density of organizations in a MOF impacts how embedded individuals are in the field. This affects whether they are targeted for mobilization and receptive to appeals. Mechanisms Constructing the Supply Side The Role of Embeddedness  The extent to which a protest's mobilizing structure overlaps with the MOFs participants are already embedded in affects the share of unaffiliated protesters.  Communication channels and timing of recruitment tends to vary based on embeddedness. The less embedded rely more on open outreach. Identity Formation Dynamics  Identification with protest organizers is a deductive form of identity shaped in a top-down manner. Identification with fellow participants is an inductive identity formed bottom-up.  Whether identity formation follows a top-down vs. bottom-up pattern depends in part on the organizational density of the constituency.  Identification inherently involves inclusion of some groups and exclusion of others. This shapes participation. A Study on Identity Formation Patterns  Identification with organizers relates to social embeddedness in the organizing groups.  Identification with participants stems from shared grievances and fate around the protest issue.  Different patterns of identification likely emerge for protests with established organizational bases vs. non-organizational mobilization. Opportunities for Participation A Street Demonstration Study  Sympathizing with grievances, being targeted for mobilization, motivation to protest, and overcoming barriers all shape street protest participation.  Friends help participants follow through on their intentions to demonstrate rather than defecting. A Petition Study  Signing a petition has much higher participation rates than demonstrating, showing the impact of protest type.  Local organizational effectiveness at recruiting volunteer signature collectors reduced failure to sign among sympathizers. Protest Issues and Multi-Organizational Fields The Role of Issues  Different protest issues tend to appeal to different segments of the potential constituency based on which groups are most affected.  "Particularistic" issues concern a specific group's interests, like student fees or health care worker pay. "Universalistic" issues have a much broader scope, like environmentalism.  The types of issues and claims made by organizers are linked to what types of organizers emerge and what sorts of crowds they bring to protests. For example, labor unions making economic claims tend to draw different protesters than Occupy-type groups making anti-system claims. Embeddedness in Multi-Organizational Fields  Social movements exist within broader multi-organizational fields (MOFs) consisting of allied groups and opposed/countermovement organizations.  A movement's organizational field relates to existing societal cleavages like class, religion, or political ideology. These cleavages shape the mobilization base.  The density of organizations in a MOF impacts how embedded individuals are in the field. This affects whether they are targeted for mobilization and receptive to appeals. Mechanisms Constructing the Supply Side The Role of Embeddedness  The extent to which a protest's mobilizing structure overlaps with the MOFs participants are already embedded in affects the share of unaffiliated protesters.  Communication channels and timing of recruitment tends to vary based on embeddedness. The less embedded rely more on open outreach. Identity Formation Dynamics  Identification with protest organizers is a deductive form of identity shaped in a top-down manner. Identification with fellow participants is an inductive identity formed bottom-up.  Whether identity formation follows a top-down vs. bottom-up pattern depends in part on the organizational density of the constituency.  Identification inherently involves inclusion of some groups and exclusion of others. This shapes participation. A Study on Identity Formation Patterns  Identification with organizers relates to social embeddedness in the organizing groups.  Identification with participants stems from shared grievances and fate around the protest issue.  Different patterns of identification likely emerge for protests with established organizational bases vs. non-organizational mobilization. Opportunities for Participation A Street Demonstration Study  Sympathizing with grievances, being targeted for mobilization, motivation to protest, and overcoming barriers all shape street protest participation.  Friends help participants follow through on their intentions to demonstrate rather than defecting. A Petition Study  Signing a petition has much higher participation rates than demonstrating, showing the impact of protest type.  Local organizational effectiveness at recruiting volunteer signature collectors reduced failure to sign among sympathizers. Conclusion  The supply side of protest is actively constructed through the mobilization efforts of organizers to stage collective action.  Changes in organizational fields and individual embeddedness may be transforming the dynamics of supply.  More empirical research is needed on how virtual networks and identity processes shape supply and mobilization in the contemporary context.