Exam 3 Outline

MODULES LPtDI 18MC 11 TIF 2 matching Lectured 3ando Effectsof0 polyunsaturated fatsthatplayessentialrolesincellfunctiontoverall health Dal mustbeobtainedthroughdiet plants cannotmakedoublebondpast09 molecules crucialcomponents ofimmunesystem structuralbasisofcellmembranessignaling Celcosinoids majorenergysubstrate eicosinoidsderivedfromFA Omega 3 anti inflammatory colds alwaysalevelofinflammationinthebody Omega 6 F inflammatoryel nolds 03406 balanceeachother Eicosinolds importantforbiologicaleffects prostaglandins thromboxane leukotrienes lipoxins producewiderangebiologicaleffects inhibit gastricaadsecretion inflammatoryresponse intensitydurationofpainfever regulatebloodpressure reproductivefunction inhibit activateplateletaggregation Fatesof DietarysynthesizedFA incorporatedintoTAG forstorageofmetabolice nergy phosphotpidmer 2 Incorporated into brane Sourcesof FA for MAG DAG TAG denovosynthesis lipogenesis hydrolysis ofTAG incell minor processdependsontissue FAfromcirculation eating fed tormonalcontroloftactCatabolism at n Epinephrine Insulin hormonessignalr elarofFA fromadiposetissue Ég hormoneattachesto receptorcreatessignalingcascadevia secondarymessengersystem activates Fed Tinsulindglucagon enzymes clear offFA Fasted dinsulintglucagon Enzymes each enzymecleaves one FA offTAG gluconeogenesis hormonesensitivelipase unguagenons 5Atadratelmiting jgmgggg.it Flipolysis FAreleasedfromadiposeintocirculationboundto albumin Steph transferofliberated FA Step2 dietaryFA Step3 transferofFA betweenextra andintracellularmembranes Steph activationof FA tofattyacylCoA incytosolbyenzymeonoutermitomembrane stepsfattyacylcoaformedincytosol istransportedacrossthe inner mitomembranebycarnitine steeple betaoxidation Het 0 O O O 3 FADH NADt Eta FAppffhing liberated Betaoxidation moreenergydense EnergyconsiderationsforFAoxidation palmitate carbon netATP 129 Glucose moreenergydensethanglucose 61 compared from to glucose 2acety WA 8acetylcoA WillgetmoreATPfromFA than glucose carbs Lipid Metabolism fed d daylipids EAdmonoglycerides absorbedinSI packagedintochylomtrons transportthroughlymphaticsystem blood 2acetylWA 34A blemoreacetyla fasted T bodyusesupglyogen startutilizing ffjtntofatglyaro .si dipoeHssueastriglyaride ed unreglucoseasprimaryeneratifatsstored inulin 2 pyruvate 3C promotesstorage suppressesbreakdown Ketogenesis glucagon signalbreakdown ofstored duringhighrates FAoxidation overproduction of acetylCoA exceedscapacityofTCAcycle ketonebodies aaaate.be formketonebodles passblood brain yarxybutyrate.aatone productionislowduring normalconditions Tduringcarbshortage diabetes Ketonebodysynthesis dglucosesupply excessketonebodyproduction TFAoxidation TproductionacetylooA Ligghternativesun Ketogenesis excessacetylwafromFA barrier beta hydroxybutyrae acetylcoatygytate 3MainsourcesofacetylWA oxidativedecarboxylation ofpyruvatefromglycolysis 3MainFatesofacetylCOA oxidationoflongchain FA betaoxidationlongchainFAtriglycerides acetylCoA oxidativedegradation ofAA TCAcycle FAsynthesis glycolysis glucose pyruvate acetylCoA ketonebodies deaminationtransamination AA acetylCoA MINUTEESSAY 4 EquineHyperlipidemia ForegutvsHindgutEnergyMetabolism foregut stomach smallintestine enzymaticdigestion breakdown stomach o carbs proteins nteshne nutrientabsorption nutrientbreakdownyields ilyavailable hindgut cecum large intestine Lousmatosthatescapedfored microbialfermentation moretothehind .sn beabsorbdtu produceVFAs can dforenerg .fr ASI.notasenergyeffiaen .FI I mnsusa mentation producesVFA's can beard MaintenanceofNormalBloodGlucoseDuring EnergyBalance energybalancehorsesconsumefewercaloriesdefeatinavailableenergy insufficientfeedintake Penergydemandscialtahonexaasingconditions gluconeogenesis glycogenolyst fattyaudoxidation tow InsulinResistancePotentiatesLipolysis insulin hormonecrucialforregulatingglucose lipidmetabolism suppressesbreakdownofstoredfats promotesstorage ofexcessenergyasfatsinadiposetissue insulinresistance cellslessresponsivetoinsulin impairedsignaling inhibitoryeffectonlipolysisisdiminished adiposetissuestartsreleasingmorefreeFA intobloodstream increasedlipolysis elevatedlevelsofarculatingfreeFA Calculating RER RestingEnergyRequirement RER 7OxBWo s Kcalday 70 25029 Kcalday 4,401kcal day ProblemswithApplyingtoHospitalizedPatten restingenergyexpenditure ismuchlower RERXZ MER RERXISMER Diettocorrect EnergyBalance Restore EnergyBalance sufficientenergysupply stimulateinsulinsecretion switchofflipolysis HIGH CARBLOWFAT Administration ofsyntheticthroxine Benefits hyperlipidemicpatients thyroxine thyroid increasemetabolicrate freeFA incirculationwillbetakenupintotissues utilizedforenergy Mare w Hyperlipidemia X hyperlipidemia notgetting enoughenergyexperiencingstress notgettingenoughenergy tosupporthealthyweight orlactation MODULE 6 PROTEINS LECTUREI Functionalcategories of Proteins reactions catalyze Enzymes 2 Hormones chemical messengers regulatemetabolicprocesses thyroidhormones 3 Structuralproterns actin myosin collagen Immunoproteins immunoglobulins IgA IgM IgE IgG 5 Transportprotens plasmaproteins albumin at a 2 b g globulin 4 PlasmaProteins transportproteins dehydration T protein dwatertsolvent protein malnourished L protein notenough AA 0 EssentialAminoAcids Phenylalanine Valine Threonine Tryptophan Histidine Isoleucine Arginine Methionine Leucine Lysine LimitingAminoAnd Lysine If oneAA islimiting that iswhereproteinsynthesisstops protansynthesiscannotproceedpastmostlimiting MimitingTproteinsynthesis tighQualityVsLowQualityproteins high animal morecloselyresembles theCAATneededby animal thatconsumesit Yitttmaseussoproansoura low plant AminoAcidstructure FatesofAA proteinsynthesis graft c É synthesis ofothernitrogenouscompounds biological full amino nitrogen aura'Yup Rgroup TwokeyReactions in Amino Aad Metabolism how excessprotunisbrokendown NfromAAinitiallyreleased asammonia toxic convertedtoured less.to transamination transferaminogroupofoneAAtoanother ALLexcept thr.IS ketogrouptoaccepttdonate raminotransferase .requiresa enzymethattransfersAA requires fullyreverst wenzymet deamination removalof aminogroup N to degrade enzymethat removesaminogroup N g matease energy traction fasted needmoreenergyfromprotein traction fed notbreakingdown as muchprotein dreaction excretedViau excretedinureacycle glutamate glutamate dehydrogenase a ketoglutarate Nita d YEA ThreeMainSourcesofAmmonia diet catabolism ofglutamine inenterocytes attract purinenucleotidecycle NitrogenBalance positive N intakeexceedsNexcretion growinganimals negative Nexcretionexceeds Nintake two Mainstagesof NitrogenDisposal removalof aminogroupfromAA I NHI transdeamination transdeamination transamination formation of urea via the ornithine urea cycle formation of carbomoy phosphate Lamoylphosphatesyntharratelimiting fumarate oxaloacetate aspartate transaminationttransdeaminationfaulitatentx transamination via aspartate NHz 0 MajorPoints inProteinAA Nutrition Absorption of di th andtetra peptides majorityproteinabsorbedare efficient canning PEPI transporter di a tri proteindependent leal freeFA ell di tri freeAA Essentiality cannotbesynthesizedendogenously mustbesuppliedbydiet functional allAA areessential coregroupofessentialAA PVTTIMHALL tonal 3 lawofminimum limitingAA IgisBarrel Utilization D L form t.SI D formFuIHinTIInIITua to beutilized canbeconvertedto Lform Fml everyAA has noAdds sanction otherthan proteinsynthesis 5 Protein Quality value that is proportionalto itsquality highvs lowquality 6 Complementation proteinscancomplementoneanother onecancompensate forlimitations oftheother combineproteinstoachievehigherqualityscore Ex Arn lowlysine sean highlysine cornflakesplant milk animal Availability utilizationmaybereducedfor someAA altersdigestibility measurements fecalsampletomeasureAA problem mobsinintestne madeofAA 8 Disproportion canhaveaneffectonant deficiency toolittle antagonismMinge reqforoneAAmay bet byadditionofstructurallyrelatedAA in proportionsofAA in diet adverseeffect primaryeffect dfeedintat 9 Proteinturnover it iiI i E 251proteinsynthesisdepositedintissue751 turnover catabolic complex simple synthesisLdegradation dietdoesnotchangeanimalsreqforAA changediettomeetthem affectedbywiderangeoffactors growthgestationbreed agesex health environment WhyCarnivoresHaveGreaterProteinRequirementthan omnivores taurineArginineMethionine Abasalreq for N Mneedfor specificAA Cysteine Whyspecific AA are t evolutionaryadaptation offelines can t ord needfor N ant proteinin dietebbs tflows enzymes in urea aide can beadjusted notalwayshighprotein feline enzymesalwaysneed asubstrate AA whethertheyconsumehighor low breakdownskeletalmuscleto haveAt awayshavesubstrate taurine vision repro immunefunction essential felinesconsugatebileaud taurine adaptto highproteindiet taurine is too low in plants notmeetingneeds arginine 10AAsubstrate in urea aide synthesizedfromornithinecitralline adaptedto utill fromureaf rargininomdlettoridexuss methionine cystine glycogenesis synthesizephelanine pheromone proteinsynthesis BloodUreaNitrogen BUN PUN Starving animal breakdownskeletalmuscle getAA gastrointestinal hemorrhages blood in Al tract isdigested lotsofprotein digestedlabso leadto ABUN PUN dehydration TBUN expectanimaltomeetplateau ADA whenrequirementsare met EM MINUTEESSAYS ProteinLosingEnteropathies PLE MODULE 8 VITAMINSANDMINERALS Watervs Fatsolublevitamins fat soluble A D E K can bestoredneedfat tobeabsorbed Watersoluble depleted at higherrates nostorage excreted in urine more likelyto accumulatetoxicconcentration more likelytobedeficient factorsthatAffectvitaminRequirements lifestages growinganimals higherreq makesthemmoresusceptibletotoxicity healthdisease interaction antibiotics digestion absorption turnoversynthesis importance ofvitamins as coenzymes neededfor metabolicreactions 4requiredcoenzymes ihgg uhatectpp .com pantothenicaad EFFILavina Vitamin C 2 activeforms ascorbicacid ascorbate dehydroascorbicadd DHA roleofglucosea L gulunolactoneoxidase helpinsynthesis ofVite function Thiamin 2activeforms thiaminediphosphate TDP thiamine pyrophosphate TPP role as acoenzyme usedfordecarboxylation ofpyruvate collagensynthesis AAmetabolism antioxidantactivity Ironabsorption Immunefunction VitaminA formsfunctions needfordietaryfat ThreeMainFunctionsofMinerals