Exam 2 Learning Objectives

23multcholle MODULE3lT Lectures647 Carbohydrates cancercachexia O noincrease 7 truelfaise 3 matching pts carbmetabolism insulin 3pts lymphoma perceptionthat there is notenoughglucose Insulinsequestersglucosefromblood anaerobicconvertsglucose lactate tenergy aerobic glucose pyruvate normal highenergy SI signal sentthatthereisnotenoughfood bodybreaksdownothersourcefor nutrients I muscle AA gluconeogenesis glucose OverviewofGlucosemetabolish Liver onlytissuethat removesreturnsglucosetotheblood fed glucose oxidizedasenergy storedasglycogen Tatabolizedtopidecarbonforbiosynthesis ofFARAA faste ategluwsetrmnoncarbsour.es gluconeogenesis n glycogendegredation Muscle capable ofaerobicsanaerobicmetabolismofglucose doesnotreturnglucose tocirculation is FI skeletalanaerobic lactatebuildup EI.nnousneeaaramwse FAsynthesis stored fed glucose acetylWA fasted takestored Fat release as energy Brain 21 bodyweight utilizes 201 ofbody'sglucose allmetabolicprocesseshappening atthe sametime completelydependent onglucose nostorage intheform ofglycogen needcontinuoussupply ketonebodies prolongedstarvation diabeticcat donotutilizeglucosewellbreakdowesntigrigatopyfat breakdownlargeamtfat acetylWA TCA ketonebodies surpassbloodbrainbarrier redbloodcells glucoseismajorsourceofenergy nomitochondria anaerobic processofglucose carnivoreconnection reading pyruvate lactate Functionofearted non essential provideenergy sourceofheat buildingblocksfor othernutrients storedasglycogen Digestibility alphaamylase classification simplesugars monosaccharides glucosefructose galactose disaccharides sucrose lactosemaltose endogenous clearedglycosidicbonds beta exogenous cleave B glycosidicbonds plants animal FourMetabolicFatesofGluw catabolizedtoproduceatpin brain muscle kidney 2 Storedas glycogen inlivert muscles 3 Convertedto FA stored in adiposetissueas triglycerides 4 formationof intermediate pyruvate oxaloacetate Glywlyst 6Cglucose 23C pyruvate 1 productionofATP 2 stored asglycogen 3 convertedtoFA 4 formation ofAA aerobicacetylWA anaerobiclactate primingstage energyinput payoffstage energyoutput generatesasmallamtenergy entry pointfor pyruvatedehydrogenasereaction and TCAcycle 3irreversiblereactions O substrate enzyme product musclehexokinase glucose 6 phosphate insulin glucagon Iver 2XN 1 G 6 p muscle glucose liverglucokinase Phosphofructokinasefructose1,6diphosphate insulin 2XN 3 glucagon ATP AMPADP moose y citrate phosphate 2XN 10 phosphoenol pyruvatekinase insulin pyruvate pyruvate glucose glucagonATP alanine glucoselephosphate fructose1,6Diphosphate phosphoenolpyruvate pyruvate fructoselephosphate texokinaselatucokinased hexokinase muscle low km highaffinity forglucose glucokinase liver highkm lowaffinity Fatesofpyruvat aftereatingregulatesuptakeavoidhyperhypoglycemia aerobic pyruvate acetylWA anaerobic pyruvate lactate pyruvate alanine abletoabsorbglucosefrombloodatlow levels TCAcycle gluconeogenesis liver gluconeogenesis Krebscyct 2atylgrupfromglycolysis glucoseoxidation disappear replacedby2c largeamtenergy NADHAFADH2 PyruvateDehydrogenase TCACyderegulation amtATPin system INADA slowdowncycle INADH speedupcycle FatesofacetylWA TCAcycle FAsynthesis ketonebodies Steroidhormone bile Gluconeogenesis pyruvate glucose liver Principal GluconeogenicPrecursor non ruminants aminoacids ruminants VFA Glycolysis glucose pyruvate Gluconeogenesis pyruvate glucose Glycogenesisglucose glycogen Glycogenesis glucose glycogen Enzymes glucokinase hexokinase glucose G 6 Ptrapinthecell glycogenin primer proteinrequiredforattachmentoffirstglucose tomakeglycogen glycogensynthase storeexcessglucoseinliveramuscle GlycogenesisregulationW glucose glycogen Idasted b Glywgenolyst freeglucosefrom glycogen liver maintains glucosepoolforothercells muscle maintainsenergyfor contraction ofmusclecell HormonalDegulationofBloodatucoseL Insulin glucagon 0 epinephrine Diabetesmellitt TypeI insulindependent dogs noinsulinproduction TypeII notinsulindependent cats decreasedsensitivitytoreceptors butstillproducinginsulin glucose isblockedfromenteringthecell hyperglycemia TFAoxidation TacetylWA Mketonebodies DiabeticDletteed dogs type I highcarbs soluble Atransittime doesnotstayinsystemforlong insoluble formsgelunableto use Moderateproteint fat thrawn watch tesscarbsareneeded eugenicprocess whattypesofcarbsaregiven MINUKESS.at 3L GlycogenMetabolisminLIVervsMust liver glycogensynthesis degradationregulated to meetneedsof organismasawhole glucokina muscle regulatedto meetheedsofmusdeitsef hexokinase Hypoglycemia inability to liberatestoredglucosefromglycogen fasted bloodglucoselevelswilldeplete usedforenergy glycogennot effectivelybrokendownintoglucose bloodglucoselevelscontinueto d Hyperlipidemd lowbloodglucoselevels glucagonreleasefrompancreas glucagon t releaseofFA fromadiposetissue lipolysis tobeusedforenergy viabetaoxidation Elevatedcirculatingliverenzymes excessglucoseis storedas glycogen in liver muscles glycogenstartsto buildup intheliverleadsto liverdamage releaseofliverenzymesintoblood GlucoseAlanineat Glucose is iii help prate cancombinew ammoniato formalanine throughblood liver man amuse removepoisonousammontafrommuscles providesenergy an.am HighProteinsHighcarbbet proteinsprovideenergy no needfor glycogenolysis provideAA transaminatedtoalanine substratefor gluconeogenesis alanine pyruvate glucose energy carbs preventhypoglycemiaduringfasting mayleadtoenergydepletion ofmuscle glycogensynthesisisinactivated a reactive haggisesftp.tghswhmeogenesis Avoidanceoffastingh recommendedforpatientswithType III glycogenstoragedisease unable tomaintainnormalbloodglucosebyutilizingglycogenstores fasting hypoglycemia Avoldsimplesugart simplesugars monosaccharides glucose fructosegalactose Tsimplesugar can leadto overstorageofglycogen disaccharides sucrosemaltose alreadyhavingglycogenproblems donotneedexcessglycogen TIIglywnstoraglease muscles t liver damage Tsimplesugars Tinsulin production hypoglycemia Dietaryfiber nondigestible carbs lignin that comefrom plantsources Starch storesenergy in plants soluble usesattends soluble twaterholdingcapacity I fermentability Igastricemptying I nutrientabsorph cellulose plantcell wall insoluble uses Bbond Insoluble dwaterholdingcapacity I fermentability tgastricemptying I nutrientabsorptio NutritionalEffect physiologic changesinintestinalfunctionstructuremodification ofglycemicresponsesatietyavaila Tsatiety I absorbton ofcarbs slowgastricemptying physical Idigestibility blespeedsthingsup lesstimeto breakdownnutrients getin thewayofnutrien Lipids nutrientlipids insoluble inwater soluble in nonpolar organic solvents energysource constituentof cell torganellemembranes fat solublevitamins corticosteroidhormone mediatorof electrontransport triacylglycerol mostsignificantgroup oflipids important in energymetabolism Structure Saturated nodoublebondsbetweencatoms saturated W Hatoms solidat roommpfoundinmeatdairyoils monounsaturated onedoublebond liquidatortemp createskink inchain polyunsaturated multipledoublebonds liquid at room temp O 3 anti inflammatory noted O 6 inflammatory Function supply metabolic byoxidation of FA coz i Maggot ofcellmembranes signalingmolecules regulatoryrolesinmetabolism DenovoFASynthest glucose He pyruvate detonatety wa pyruvate RetentionQuestions 2000kcal metabolizeableenergy transformationofenergy digestibleenergyishigher grossenergy ishigher Gross Digestible Metabolize able Net MERARER forobesedog calculateweightlossplanusingidealweight MER 400kcal idealnotactual MER RER x2 RER 300 wouldnormallybe200butthatisforidealweightsocutting offenergy tooquickly lactatingdog RER 200 MER 200 2 normal MER 200 x 2 b clactating Factors animalspecificfactors dietspecificfactors feedingmanagementenvironmental cancercachexia carbmetabolsm Why nochanges inglucoseabsorbedbutsecretegreateramt glucose perception notgettingenough tumor usesanaerobic glycolysis metabolize anaerobically lactate pyruvate energydefeat breakdown skeletalmuscle gluconeogenesis skeletal AA acetylw glucose gluconeogen liver glycogenstorage 1st4minuteessays habto storglucose hypoglycemia hyperlipidemed noglucosebreakdownfat highprotein highcarb Tcarbtstorage notbreakingdownprovidemore AAforgluconeogenesis notfastedstate tryingto breakdownglycogen notabletodo dietaryfiber Solublevsinsoluble Starchuscellulose starch glucose alphasoluble cell glucose beta insoluble lipids 03 lessinflammatory 06 moreinflammatory Simple FreeFA tri mono compound membrane derivedsteroidhormones denovoFAsynth carboxylase A fedusfasted makenew fat cannotgetglucosefrombreakingdown fat