Principles of Evolution Part 2

____ 4. Biologists in Darwin’s time had already begun to understand that living things change over time. How did Darwin contribute to these ideas? a. He found many fossils that showed that these changes could not possibly happen on islands. b. He figured out and explained how these changes happened and supported his ideas with evidence. c. He made guesses about how these changes happened, and wrote experiments that could be used to test these guesses. d. He was the first person to truly believe that these changes happened, and he worked very hard to convince others. ____ 5. Charles Darwin’s observation that finches of different species on the Galápagos Islands have many similar physical characteristics supports the hypothesis that these finches a. have the ability to interbreed. b. acquired traits through use and disuse. c. all eat the same type of food. d. descended from a common ancestor. ____ 6. On the Galápagos Islands, Charles Darwin observed a. completely unrelated species on each of the islands. b. species exactly like those found in South America. c. species similar to mainland South American species. d. species completely unrelated to those found in South America. ____ 7. Which of the following ideas is supported by Darwin’s observation of local variation among tortoises in the Galápagos Islands? a. artificial selection b. adaptation c. acquired characteristics d. tendency towards perfection ____ 8. Darwin first began to formulate his concept of evolution by natural selection after a. experimenting with animals. b. observing patterns among the geographical location of certain species. c. reading the writings of Wallace. d. agreeing with Lamarck about the driving force behind evolution. ____ 9. People of Charles Darwin’s time understood that fossils were a. preserved remains of ancient organisms. b. available for every organism that ever lived. c. unrelated to living species. d. evidence for the evolution of life on Earth. ____ 10. James Hutton’s and Charles Lyell’s work suggests that a. Earth is several million years old. b. Earth is several thousand years old. c. all fossils were formed in the last 1000 years. d. all rocks on Earth contain fossils. ____ 11. In the 1800s, Charles Lyell emphasized that a. the human population will outgrow the available food supply. b. all populations evolve through natural selection. c. Earth is a few thousand years old. d. past geological events must be explained in terms of processes observable today. ____ 12. One scientist who attempted to explain how rock formations, such as rock layers, form and change over time was a. Thomas Malthus. b. James Hutton. c. Charles Darwin. d. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. ____ 13. James Hutton’s and Charles Lyell’s work was important to Darwin because these scientists a. explained volcanoes and earthquakes. b. explained all geologic events on Earth. c. suggested that Earth was old enough for evolution to have occurred. d. refuted the work of Lamarck, which was based on misunderstandings. ____ 14. What did Charles Darwin learn from reading the work of James Hutton and Charles Lyell? a. Earth is relatively young. b. Gradual change operating over long periods of time can result in dramatic changes. c. All geological change is caused by living organisms. d. The processes that formed old rocks on Earth do not operate today. ____ 15. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed that organisms a. have an innate tendency toward complexity and perfection. b. have an innate tendency to become simpler as time passes. c. inherit all of the adaptations they display. d. belong to species that never change. ____ 16. Which is a major concept included in Lamarck’s evolutionary hypothesis? a. Change is the result of survival of the fittest. b. Body structures can change according to the actions of the organism. c. A small population size decreases the rate of evolution. d. Artificial selection is the basis for evolution. ____ 17. Lamarck’s ideas about evolution include the concept that differences among the traits of organisms arise as a result of a. continual increases in population size. b. the actions of organisms as they use or fail to use body structures. c. an unchanging local environment. d. the natural variations already present within the population of organisms. ____ 18. In an experiment, suppose that the wings of fruit flies were clipped short for fifty generations. The fifty-first generation emerged with normal-length wings. This observation would tend to disprove the idea that evolution is based on a. inheritance of natural variations. b. inheritance of acquired characteristics. c. natural selection. d. survival of the fittest. ____ 19. The economist Thomas Malthus suggested that a. in the human population, people die faster than babies are born. b. without certain checks on population size, there would soon be insufficient food for the growing human population. c. in the 1700s, England needed more housing. d. the majority of a species’ offspring die. ____ 20. The idea that events like war, starvation, and disease could prevent the endless growth of human populations was presented by a. Charles Darwin. b. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. c. Thomas Malthus. d. Charles Lyell. ____ 21. Darwin realized that the economist Malthus’s theory of population control a. applied only to humans. b. could be generalized to any population of organisms. c. could be generalized only when populations lived in crowded conditions. d. explained why the number of deaths exceeded that of births. ____ 22. When a dairy farmer chooses to breed the cows that give the most milk in the herd, the farmers are following the principle of a. acquired characteristics. b. descent with modification. c. artificial selection. d. natural selection. ____ 23. When farmers select animals or plants to use for breeding, they look for a. species that are perfect and unchanging. b. homologous structures. c. characteristics acquired during the lifetime of the organism. d. natural variations that are present in a species. ____ 24. When a farmer breeds only his or her best livestock, the process involved is a. natural selection. b. artificial selection. c. artificial variation. d. survival of the fittest. ____ 25. According to Darwin’s theory of natural selection, individuals who survive are the ones best adapted for their environment. Their survival is due to the a. possession of adaptations developed through use. b. possession of inherited adaptations that maximize fitness. c. lack of competition within the species. d. choices made by plant and animal breeders. ____ 26. Each of the following is a condition necessary for natural selection to occur EXCEPT a. more offspring are born than can survive. b. population size is very large. c. fitness varies among individuals. d. there is heritable variation among members of the population. ____ 27. Which statement about the members of a population that live long enough to reproduce is consistent with the theory of evolution by natural selection? a. They transmit characteristics acquired by use and disuse to their offspring. b. They tend to produce fewer offspring than others in the population. c. They are the ones that are best adapted to survive in their environment. d. They will perpetuate unfavorable changes in the species. ____ 28. Charles Darwin called the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its specific environment a. diversity. b. fitness. c. adaptation. d. evolution. ____ 29. According to Darwin’s theory of natural selection, the individuals that tend to survive are those that have a. characteristics their parents acquired by use and disuse. b. characteristics that plant and animal breeders value. c. the greatest number of offspring. d. variations best suited to environmental conditions. ____ 30. Which of the following phrases best describes the results of natural selection? a. the natural variation found in all populations b. unrelated species living in different locations c. changes in the inherited characteristics of a population over time d. the struggle for existence undergone by all living things ____ 31. Which statement is part of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection? a. More offspring are produced than can possibly survive. b. The organisms that are the fittest are always largest and strongest. c. The number of offspring is not related to fitness. d. Acquired characteristics that are inherited are the cause of evolution. ____ 32. The principle of common descent helps explain why a. well-adapted species have many offspring. b. conditions in an organism’s environment ensures the organism’s survival. c. birds and reptiles share a number of inherited characteristics. d. tigers are so different from cheetahs. ____ 33. The hypothesis that all species are descended from common ancestors was proposed by a. James Hutton. b. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. c. Thomas Malthus. d. Charles Darwin. ____ 34. Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection explains each of the following EXCEPT how a. species can become extinct. b. inherited traits are passed from parent to offspring. c. species descend from common ancestors. d. evolution takes place in the natural world. ____ 35. Darwin’s concept of natural selection was NOT influenced by a. the work of Charles Lyell. b. knowledge about the structure of DNA. c. his collection of specimens. d. his trip on the H.M.S. Beagle. ____ 36. Biogeography is the study of a. where species and their ancestors live. b. how extinct species can be related to living species. c. how different species can interbreed. d. how animals that live in the same area are closely related. ____ 37. The number and location of bones of many fossil vertebrates are similar to those in living vertebrates. This is evidence in support of which of the following concepts? a. Lamarck’s tendency towards perfection b. common descent c. analogous structures d. the inheritance of acquired traits ____ 38. Charles Darwin viewed the fossil record as a. evidence that Earth was thousands of years old. b. useful support for his theory. c. interesting but unrelated to the evolution of modern species. d. evidence that traits are acquired through use or disuse. ____ 39. In humans, the pelvis and femur, or thigh bone, are involved in walking. In whales, the pelvis and femur shown in Figure 16–1 are a. examples of fossils. b. vestigial structures. c. acquired traits. d. examples of natural variation. ____ 40. Modern sea star larvae resemble some primitive vertebrate larvae. This similarity may suggest that primitive vertebrates a. share a common ancestor with sea stars. b. evolved from sea stars. c. evolved before sea stars. d. belong to the same species as sea stars. Figure 16-1 ____ 41. Molecular evidence in support of natural selection includes a. the nearly universal genetic code. b. the presence of vestigial structures. c. a tendency toward perfect, unchanging DNA in various species. d. the transmission of acquired characteristics by DNA. ____ 42. Similar patterns of embryological development in different but related organisms are responsible for the formation of a. homologous structures. b. analogous structures. c. Hox genes. d. intermediate fossil forms. ____ 43. According to the Grants’ investigation of Galápagos finches, what happened to the beaks of finches? a. Beaks became larger through artificial selection. b. Beaks became smaller when they migrated. c. Beaks became smaller during the finches’ lifespan. d. Beaks became larger over many generations. ____ 44. Which characteristic of Galápagos finches helped the Grants show the results of natural selection? a. the color of their feathers b. the length and shape of their wings c. the size and shape of their beaks d. the curve of their claws ____ 45. What principle does the Grants’ investigation of finch adaptation in the Galápagos Islands best support? a. biogeography b. evolutionary embryology c. uniformatarianism d. natural selection Modified True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true. ____ 1. After his voyage on the Beagle, Charles Darwin wondered whether similar species from the Galápagos Islands could once have been members of the same species. _________________________ ____ 2. Charles Darwin noted that members of a population are identical. _________________________ ____ 3. According to Lamarck, geological forces acting today are the same ones that have been acting in the past. _________________________ ____ 4. In Charles Darwin’s time, many people thought that Earth and its living things were formed about a few thousand years ago. _________________________ ____ 5. Evidence that the surface of a mountain was once under the sea includes the presence of marine fossils on the mountain. _________________________ ____ 6. According to Lamarck’s hypothesis, an organism could change parts of its genotype and pass those changes to its offspring. _________________________ ____ 7. Lyell hypothesized that human populations are kept in check by war, famine or starvation, and disease. _________________________ ____ 8. Artificial selection as practiced by farmers is also called selective breeding. _____________________ ____ 9. In natural selection, humans, rather than the environment, select the variations of traits to be passed to offspring. ______________________________ ____ 10. According to the concept of natural variation, living and extinct species evolved from the same ancestors. ______________________________ ____ 11. The way that living and fossil species are distributed form patterns of geography that help explain the relationships among species. _________________________ ____ 12. The discovery of a dinosaur fossil with wings and feathers connects birds to their ancient ancestors. ____________________________ ____ 13. The wings of birds and the flippers of dolphins are vestigial structures. _______________________ ____ 14. When comparing the genomes of two species, the number of differences in their genetic codes can be used to estimate the time since their lineages split. _________________________ ____ 15. In their studies of Galápagos finches, the Grants studied the molecular characteristics of finches from different islands. _________________________ Completion Complete each statement 46. ____________________’s contribution to science was the theory of evolution by natural selection. 47. The absence of rabbits and other species commonly found in Europe from South American and Australia is an example of Darwin’s observation that species vary ____________________. 48. James Hutton and Charles Lyell held similar views about Earth’s age. Both thought that Earth was ____________________ of years old. 49. The geologist ____________________ proposed that past changes in Earth must be explained in terms of events and processes observable today. 50. According to Lamarck, evolution resulted from the inheritance of ____________________ traits. 51. Although his idea was incorrect, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck was one of the first people to propose a scientific explanation for ____________________. 52. When a population’s birthrate exceeds its death rate, the size of the population ____________________. 53. Charles Darwin applied Thomas Malthus’s thoughts about human population growth to all ___________. 54. Natural selection occurs when organisms survive in their local environment and produce _____________. 55. Homologous structures are evidence for Darwin’s idea that all life on Earth is connected through ______. 56. Charles Darwin concluded that the distribution of living and extinct ____________________ around the world could provide evidence of evolution. 57. Geologists use ____________________ to determine a rock layer’s absolute age. 58. Structures that have different functions in different species but develop from the same embryonic tissues are called ____________________ structures. 59. ____________________ proteins, such as cytochrome c, are found in all types of cells from one-celled yeasts to multicellular kangaroos. 60. In studying Galápagos finches, the Grants found that ____________________ can take place frequently and over relatively short periods of time. Short Answer 91. What was the scientific value of the specimens that Charles Darwin brought back to England? 92. Summarize Charles Darwin’s contribution to science. 93. What did Charles Darwin notice about some of the fossils he collected during his voyage on the Beagle? 94. What did Charles Darwin learn about how the land tortoises of the Galápagos Islands varied from island to island? 95. Summarize the contribution to science made by Hutton and Lyell. 96. Summarize Jean-Baptiste Lamarck’s ideas about how organisms changed over time. 97. Summarize Thomas Malthus’s ideas about population growth. 98. How did the farmers observed by Charles Darwin take advantage of natural variation to improve their livestock? 99. How does artificial selection differ from natural selection? 100. What are three conditions necessary for natural selection to occur? 101. What is the principle of common descent? 102. Many modern whales have a vestigial pelvis and femur, such as is shown in Figure 16–1. What does this evidence suggest about ancestors of modern whales? 103. What does the continued presence of vestigial structures like the whale pelvis and femur shown in Figure 16–1 suggest about the impact vestigial structures have on fitness? 104. What can be concluded from the similarity in the Hox genes that control limb development in many types of organisms? 105. What did the Grants discover about Galápagos finches? Other (Figures) 136. Interpret Visuals What adaptation is apparent in the bodies of the three tortoise species shown in Figure 16–2? 137. Interpret Visuals Which of the tortoises shown in Figure 16–2 has the longest neck? 138. Infer Vegetation on Hood Island is sparse and sometimes hard to reach. How might the vegetation have affected the evolution of the Hood Island tortoise shown in Figure 16–2? 139. Form a Hypothesis Considering the body structure of the tortoises shown in Figure 16–2, which tortoises—a population from Pinta Island or a population from Isabela Island—might survive more successfully on Hood Island? Why? 140. Apply Concepts Can you tell from Figure 16–2 how closely the three tortoise species resemble the ancestral species? Why or why not? 141. Compare and Contrast In Figure 16–3, sharks and dolphins belong to different vertebrate groups and are not closely related. How can Darwin’s ideas about evolution help explain their similar appearance? 142. Apply Concepts Charles Darwin would say that sharks like the one in Figure 16–3 exhibit fitness. Explain what that means, and discuss two specific adaptations as part of your explanation. 143. Apply Concepts Fossil evidence indicates that dolphins evolved from ancestors that walked on land. How can the concept of natural selection be used to explain the evolution of the present-day dolphin body, as seen in Figure 16–3? 144. Predict Suppose a dolphin population, like those in Figure 16–3, becomes trapped in a harbor that is growing smaller and more shallow because of climate changes. Is it likely that the dolphins would evolve into a land-dwelling species in a few thousand years? Explain your answer. 145. Infer Based on Figure 16–3, if you wanted to find out whether sharks and dolphins share homologous structures, what structures would you examine? Explain. 146. Infer Scientists have never seen the ancient horses shown in Figure 16–4. What do you think was the main type of evidence scientists used to prepare these diagrams? 147. Interpret Visuals According to Figure 16–4, how did overall body size of the horse change during its evolution? 148. Observe In Figure 16–4, how does the size of the head change as the horse evolves? 149. Compare and Contrast According to Figure 16–4, how did the number of toes of Mesohippus compare with that of Equus, the modern horse? 150. Infer Does Figure 16–4 show that all species get much larger as they evolve?