University:
University of Ottawa
Course:
BIO1130 | Introduction to Organismal Biology
Academic year:

2023
Views:

168

Pages:

2
Author:

Noodle Doodle

Prokaryotes have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, cytosol.circular chromosome in the nucleoid, fimbriae, capsule. The bacterial cell wall is made of peptidoglycan: archaea cell wall is made of pseudomurein. Both contain a flagellum taxi-directed movement toward or away a stimulus. Gram + bacteria have a bigger peptidoglycan layer than Gram, which has a thinner layer and an extra membrane. Importance of bacteria nitrogen fixation, organic waste decomposition, soil fertility, medicinal uses, production of biogas, etc. The relationship between humans bacteria is almost mutualistic. Organisms can be classified based on their source of carbon energy. Energy from light. phototroph Inorganic compound for carbon-carbon organic compound tor carbon inorganic compound for carbon organic compound for carbon photoheterotroph Energy from chemical com pound. chemotroph chemo autotroph chemo heterotroph photoautotroph Photo autotrophs are primary producers & work to absorb energy from outside the ecosystem & assimilak minerals & transform them into something that other organisms can consume decomposers. Asexual reproduction by binary fission (doubling in size simple division in half) ≠ mitosis! Bacterial growth in 4 steps: 1 lag phase synthesis of components required for growth. . log phase exponential increase in cell number by 2" 2 3 stationery phase: lack of resources, waste build up, activation of stress response. 4. In the death phase, there is exponential loss from lack of nutrients. Anti brotics are molecules that can kill/inhibit bacterial growth. The first antibiotic was penicillan. Bacteria can evolve resistance to antibiotics through mutation due to genetic variation. Antibiotics target specific features of the bacteria (cell wall, metabolism, etc.) Types of horizontal gene transfers: 1. Conjugation F+ cell and F-cell are connected together through sex piles and are pulled closer together to form a mating bridge. A plasmid is transferred from the F' cell to the F-cell; the plasmid contains all the proteins needed to create a sex silus which is why it's called selfish proteins needed to create a sex pilus which is why it's called selfish DNA. Other DNA fragments can travel through the sex pilus ⇒ forming of new recombinant reciever cell. Genes that allow for resistance are transmitted by conjugation Bare carried by the R plasmid. 2. Transduction bacteria exchanging DNA through a virus bacteriophage infects other bacteria). The bacteria is infected replicative of the phage genome & protein synthesis bacterial DNA can be packaged new virus infection of new bacteria Precombination. allows the integration of donor allele into the recipient genome→ new bacterial genotype with new allele combination. 3 Transformation bacteria free up their DNA which is then taken up by another bacteria directly from the environment (x used to make clones of gen omes.)