Life Cycle Nutrition - Childhood Obesity Answer Key 4

71. ________ are services that collect, screen, process, and distribute donated human milk. Breast milk banks ANSWER 72. The energy-yielding nutrient that makes up 55% of breast milk is ________. fat ANSWER 73. An often fatal foodborne illness caused by the ingestion of foods containing a bacteria that grow without oxygen is . ANSWER botulism 74. The iron-deficiency anemia that develops when an excessive milk intake displaces iron-rich foods from the diet is called ________. milk anemia ANSWER Chapter 16 REFERENCES: QUESTION TYPE: HAS VARIABLES: LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: DATE CREATED: DATE MODIFIED: 16.2 Nutrition during Childhood Completion False UNUT.WHRO.16.16.2 - Explain how children’s appetites and nutrient needs reflect their stage of growth and why iron deficiency and obesity are often concerns during childhood. 11/20/2017 7:41 AM 11/20/2017 7:45 AM 75. ________ is inattentive and impulsive behavior that is more frequent and severe than is typical of others a similar age. Hyperactivity ANSWER POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember REFERENCES: 16.2 Nutrition during Childhood QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: UNUT.WHRO.16.16.2 - Explain how children’s appetites and nutrient needs reflect their stage of growth and why iron deficiency and obesity are often concerns during childhood. DATE CREATED: 11/20/2017 7:41 AM DATE MODIFIED: 11/20/2017 7:45 AM 76. A life-threatening, whole-body allergic reaction to an offending substance is called ________. anaphylactic shock ANSWER POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember REFERENCES: 16.2 Nutrition during Childhood QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: UNUT.WHRO.16.16.2 - Explain how children’s appetites and nutrient needs reflect their stage of growth and why iron deficiency and obesity are often concerns during childhood. DATE CREATED: 11/20/2017 7:41 AM DATE MODIFIED: 11/20/2017 7:45 AM 77. A ________ is the maximum amount of residue permitted in a food when a pesticide is used according to the label directions. ANSWER POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: QUESTION TYPE: tolerance level 1 Bloom’s: Remember 16.2 Nutrition during Childhood Completion Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 32 Chapter 16 HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: UNUT.WHRO.16.16.2 - Explain how children’s appetites and nutrient needs reflect their stage of growth and why iron deficiency and obesity are often concerns during childhood. DATE CREATED: 11/20/2017 7:41 AM DATE MODIFIED: 11/20/2017 7:45 AM 78. Key people who control other people’s access to foods and thereby exert profound impacts on their nutrition are called ________. ANSWER POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: QUESTION TYPE: HAS VARIABLES: LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: DATE CREATED: DATE MODIFIED: gatekeepers 1 Bloom’s: Remember 16.2 Nutrition during Childhood Completion False UNUT.WHRO.16.16.2 - Explain how children’s appetites and nutrient needs reflect their stage of growth and why iron deficiency and obesity are often concerns during childhood. 11/20/2017 7:41 AM 11/20/2017 7:45 AM 79. The period from the beginning of puberty until maturity is called ________. adolescence ANSWER POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember REFERENCES: 16.2 Nutrition during Childhood QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: UNUT.WHRO.16.16.2 - Explain how children’s appetites and nutrient needs reflect their stage of growth and why iron deficiency and obesity are often concerns during childhood. DATE CREATED: 11/20/2017 7:41 AM DATE MODIFIED: 11/20/2017 7:45 AM 80. ________ is a type of artery disease characterized by plaques on the inner walls of the arteries. Atherosclerosis ANSWER POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: H-16 Childhood Obesity and the Early Development of Chronic Diseases QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: UNUT.WHRO.16.H-16 - Describe the lifestyle factors that can help prevent childhood obesity and the development of type 2 diabetes and heart disease. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 33 Chapter 16 DATE CREATED: DATE MODIFIED: 11/20/2017 7:41 AM 11/20/2017 7:45 AM MATCHING a. 4–8 c. 14 e. 80 g. Casein i. Corn syrup k. Food intolerance m. Weaning o. Colostrum q. Milk anemia s. Fluoride DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: b. 10 d. 25 f. Lead h. Folate j. DHA l. Food allergy n. Vitamin D p. Nursing bottle tooth decay r. Epinephrine t. Alpha-lactalbumin Bloom’s: Remember 16.1 Nutrition during Infancy 16.2 Nutrition during H-16 Childhood Obesity and the Early Development of Chronic Diseases QUESTION TYPE: Matching HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: OBJ: UNUT.WHRO.16.H-16 - Describe the lifestyle factors that can help prevent childhood obesity and the development of type 2 diabetes and heart disease UNUT.WHRO.16.16.1 - List some of the components of breast milk and describe the appropriate foods for infants during the first year of life. UNUT.WHRO.16.16.2 - Explain how children’s appetites and nutrient needs reflect their stage of growth and why iron deficiency and obesity are often concerns during childhood. DATE CREATED: 11/20/2017 7:46 AM DATE MODIFIED: 11/20/2017 7:55 AM 81. Expected weight at 5 months, in pounds, of an infant with a birthweight of 7 pounds ANSWER c POINTS: 1 82. Possible source of infant botulism ANSWER i POINTS: 1 83. Structural component of the brain found in breast milk and fortified infant formulas ANSWER j POINTS: 1 84. Main protein in human breast milk Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 34 Chapter 16 ANSWER t POINTS: 1 85. Main protein in cow’s milk ANSWER g POINTS: 1 86. Nutrient that is low in breast milk ANSWER n POINTS: 1 87. Milk-like secretion from the breast, present during first few days after delivery ANSWER o POINTS: 1 88. Mineral found in drinking water and infant formulas made with tap water ANSWER s POINTS: 1 89. Result of prolonged contact with carbohydrate-rich liquids in baby bottles ANSWER p POINTS: 1 90. Result of excessive milk intake replacing iron-rich foods in the diet ANSWER q POINTS: 1 91. To gradually replace breast milk with formula or other foods ANSWER m POINTS: 1 92. Nutrient lacking in goat’s milk ANSWER h POINTS: 1 93. Adverse reaction to food involving an immune response ANSWER l POINTS: 1 94. Adverse reaction to food that does not involve antibody production ANSWER k POINTS: 1 95. Substance ingested by children who eat dirt or chips of old paint Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 35 Chapter 16 ANSWER f POINTS: 1 96. Approximate percentage of children younger than 4 years diagnosed with food allergies ANSWER a POINTS: 1 97. Substance that prevents anaphylactic shock after exposure to a food allergen ANSWER r POINTS: 1 98. Percent chance of becoming an obese adult for an overweight teen with one obese parent ANSWER e POINTS: 1 99. Percent chance of becoming an obese adult for a child with normal-weight parents ANSWER b POINTS: 1 100. Percentage of high school students who use some type of tobacco products ANSWER d POINTS: 1 101. How do the energy nutrients in breast milk compare to those in cow’s milk? The energy-nutrient composition of breast milk differs dramatically from that ANSWER recommended for adult diets. Yet for infants, breast milk is nature’s most nearly perfect food, providing the clear lesson that people at different stages of life have different nutrient needs. The main carbohydrate in breast milk (and standard infant formula) is the disaccharide lactose. In addition to being easily digested, lactose enhances calcium absorption. The carbohydrate component of breast milk also contains abundant oligosaccharides, which are present only in trace amounts in cow’s milk and infant formula made from cow’s milk. Breast milk oligosaccharides help protect the infant from infection by preventing the binding of pathogens to the infant’s intestinal cells. The amount of protein in breast milk is less than in cow’s milk, but this quantity is actually beneficial because it places less stress on the infant’s immature kidneys to excrete urea, the major end product of protein metabolism. Much of the protein in breast milk is alphalactalbumin, which is efficiently digested and absorbed. As for the lipids, breast milk contains a generous proportion of the essential fatty acids linoleic acid and linolenic acid, as well as their longer-chain derivatives arachidonic acid and DHA. DHA accumulation in the brain is higher in breastfed infants than in formulafed infants. Research has focused on the mental and visual development of breastfed infants and infants fed standard formula with and without DHA added. Results of studies for visual acuity are mixed, perhaps because of factors such as the amount of DHA provided, the source of the DHA, and the sensitivity of different measures for visual acuity. Some evidence from studies examining the effects of DHA status during fetal and infant development on cognitive function suggests that DHA supplementation can make a positive difference. Adding DHA to standard infant formulas has no adverse effects; most Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 36 Chapter 16 standard formulas are currently fortified with both DHA and arachidonic acid. POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: QUESTION TYPE: HAS VARIABLES: LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: DATE CREATED: DATE MODIFIED: 1 Bloom’s: Understand 16.1 Nutrition during Infancy Essay False UNUT.WHRO.16.16.1 - List some of the components of breast milk and describe the appropriate foods for infants during the first year of life. 11/20/2017 7:41 AM 11/21/2017 11:54 AM 102. What are the benefits and risks of formula feeding? Formula manufacturers attempt to copy the nutrient composition of breast milk as closely ANSWER as possible. All formula-fed infants should be given iron-fortified infant formulas. The increasing use of iron-fortified formulas over the past few decades is responsible for the decline in iron-deficiency anemia among infants in the United States. Infant formulas contain no protective antibodies for infants, but in general, vaccinations, purified water, and clean environments in developed countries help protect infants from infections. Formulas can be prepared safely by following the rules of proper food handling and by using water that is free of contamination. Of particular concern is leadcontaminated water, a major source of lead poisoning in infants. Because the first water drawn from the tap each day is highest in lead, a person living in a house with old, leadsoldered plumbing should let the water run a few minutes before drinking or using it to prepare formula or food. Water supplies contain variable concentrations of minerals, including fluoride. Optimal levels of fluoride protect against dental caries, but too much fluoride during tooth development can cause defects in the teeth known as fluorosis. Inadequate fluoride after 6 months of age may also be a concern. Thus, health experts urge caregivers to have their well water analyzed for mineral contents and to check with the local health department to determine the fluoride content of the community water supply. Caregivers should reconstitute powdered or concentrated liquid formulas with optimally fluoridated water (0.7 to 1.2 parts per million). If fluoride levels are excessive, ready-to-feed formulas or formulas prepared with fluoride-free or low-fluoride water can be used. Such waters are labeled “purified,” “demineralized,” “deionized,” or “distilled.” If fluoride levels are inadequate, formulas may need to be prepared with fluoridated bottled water once the infant is 6 months of age. In developing countries and in poor areas of the United States, formula may be unavailable, prepared with contaminated water, or overdiluted in an attempt to save money. Contaminated formulas may cause infections, leading to diarrhea, dehydration, and malabsorption. Without sterilization and refrigeration, formula is an ideal breeding ground for bacteria. Whenever such risks are present, breastfeeding can be a life-saving option: breast milk is sterile, and its antibodies enhance an infant’s resistance to infections. POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: QUESTION TYPE: HAS VARIABLES: LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: 1 Bloom’s: Understand 16.1 Nutrition during Infancy Essay False UNUT.WHRO.16.16.1 - List some of the components of breast milk and describe the appropriate foods for infants during the first year of life. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 37 Chapter 16 DATE CREATED: DATE MODIFIED: 11/20/2017 7:41 AM 11/20/2017 7:45 AM 103. What is the best way to introduce new foods to infants? In addition to breast milk or formula, an infant can begin eating solid foods between 4 and ANSWER 6 months. The American Academy of Pediatrics supports exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months but recognizes that infants are often developmentally ready to accept complementary foods between 4 and 6 months of age. The main purpose of introducing solid foods is to provide needed nutrients that are no longer supplied adequately by breast milk or formula alone. The foods chosen must be those that the infant is developmentally capable of handling both physically and metabolically. As digestive secretions gradually increase throughout the first year of life, the digestion of complimentary foods becomes more efficient. The exact timing depends on the individual infant’s needs and developmental readiness, which vary from infant to infant because of differences in growth rates, activities, and environmental conditions. In addition to the infant’s nutrient needs and physical readiness to handle different forms of foods, the need to detect and control allergic reactions should also be considered when introducing complimentary foods. With respect to nutrient needs, the nutrients needed earliest are iron and zinc, then vitamin C. POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: QUESTION TYPE: HAS VARIABLES: LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: DATE CREATED: DATE MODIFIED: 1 Bloom’s: Understand 16.1 Nutrition during Infancy Essay False UNUT.WHRO.16.16.1 - List some of the components of breast milk and describe the appropriate foods for infants during the first year of life. 11/20/2017 7:41 AM 11/20/2017 7:45 AM 104. Explain how vitamin and mineral needs change after infancy and what supplementation might be needed. The vitamin and mineral needs of children increase with age. A balanced diet of nutritious ANSWER foods can meet children’s needs for these nutrients, with the notable exception of iron, and possibly vitamin D. Iron-deficiency anemia is a major problem worldwide and is prevalent among U.S. children, especially toddlers 1 to 3 years of age. During the second year of life, toddlers progress from a diet of iron-rich infant foods such as breast milk, ironfortified formula, and iron-fortified infant cereal to a diet of adult foods and iron-poor cow’s milk. In addition, their appetites often fluctuate—some become finicky about the foods they eat, and others prefer milk and juice to solid foods. These situations can interfere with children eating iron-rich foods at a critical time for brain growth and development. To prevent iron deficiency, children’s foods must deliver 7 to 10 milligrams of iron per day. To achieve this goal, snacks and meals should include iron-rich foods, and milk intake should be reasonable so that it will not displace lean meats, fish, poultry, eggs, legumes, and whole-grain or enriched products. According to the DRI committee, children’s intakes of vitamin D-fortified foods—including milk, ready-to-eat cereals, and juices—should provide 15 micrograms of vitamin D each day to maximize calcium absorption and ensure normal, healthy bone growth. Children who do not meet their RDA from these sources should receive a vitamin D supplement. Remember that sunlight is also a source of vitamin D, especially in tropical climates and warm seasons. With the exception of specific recommendations for fluoride, iron, and vitamin D during Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 38 Chapter 16 infancy and childhood, the American Academy of Pediatrics and other professional groups agree that well-nourished children do not need vitamin and mineral supplements. Despite this, many children and adolescents take supplements. Researchers are still studying the safety of supplement use by children. The Federal Trade Commission has warned parents about giving supplements advertised to prevent or cure childhood illnesses such as colds, ear infections, or asthma. Dietary supplements on the market today include many herbal products that have not been tested for safety and effectiveness in children. POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: QUESTION TYPE: HAS VARIABLES: LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: DATE CREATED: DATE MODIFIED: 1 Bloom’s: Understand 16.2 Nutrition during Childhood Essay False UNUT.WHRO.16.16.2 - Explain how children’s appetites and nutrient needs reflect their stage of growth and why iron deficiency and obesity are often concerns during childhood. 11/20/2017 7:41 AM 11/20/2017 7:45 AM 105. Describe the physical and mental effects of lead exposure on children. Children who are malnourished are vulnerable to lead poisoning. They absorb more lead if ANSWER their stomachs are empty; if they have low intakes of calcium, zinc, vitamin C, or vitamin D; and, of greatest concern because it is so common, if they have an iron deficiency. Iron deficiency weakens the body’s defenses against lead absorption, and lead poisoning can cause iron deficiency. Common to both iron deficiency and lead poisoning are a low socioeconomic background and a lack of immunizations against infectious diseases. Another common factor is pica—a craving for nonfood items. Many children with lead poisoning eat dirt or chips of old paint, two common sources of lead. The anemia brought on by lead poisoning may be mistaken for a simple iron deficiency and therefore may be incorrectly treated. Like iron deficiency, mild lead toxicity has nonspecific symptoms, including diarrhea, irritability, and fatigue. Adding iron to the diet does not reverse the symptoms; exposure to lead must stop and treatment for lead poisoning must begin. With further exposure, the symptoms become more pronounced, and children develop learning disabilities and behavioral problems. Still more severe lead toxicity can cause irreversible nerve damage, paralysis, mental retardation, and death. Approximately half a million children between the ages of 1 and 5 in the United States have blood lead concentrations above 5 micrograms per deciliter, the level at which the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend public health actions be initiated. Lead toxicity in young children comes from their own behaviors and activities—putting their hands in their mouths, playing in dirt and dust, and chewing on nonfood items. Unfortunately, the body readily absorbs lead during times of rapid growth and hoards it possessively thereafter. Lead is not easily excreted and accumulates mainly in the bones, but also in the brain, teeth, and kidneys. Tragically, a child’s neuromuscular system is also maturing during these first few years of life. No wonder children with elevated lead levels experience impairment of balance, motor development, and the relaying of nerve messages to and from the brain. Deficits in intellectual development are only partially reversed when lead levels decline. POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: QUESTION TYPE: 1 Bloom’s: Understand 16.2 Nutrition during Childhood Essay Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 39 Chapter 16 HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: UNUT.WHRO.16.16.2 - Explain how children’s appetites and nutrient needs reflect their stage of growth and why iron deficiency and obesity are often concerns during childhood. DATE CREATED: 11/20/2017 7:41 AM DATE MODIFIED: 11/20/2017 7:45 AM 106. What effects does iron deficiency have on a child’s behavior and on his school performance? Iron deficiency has well-known and widespread effects on children’s behavior and ANSWER intellectual performance. In addition to carrying oxygen in the blood, iron transports oxygen within cells, which use it during energy metabolism. Iron is also used to make neurotransmitters—most notably, those that regulate the ability to pay attention, which is crucial to learning. Consequently, iron deficiency not only causes an energy crisis, but also directly impairs attention span and learning ability. Iron deficiency is often diagnosed by a quick, easy, inexpensive hemoglobin or hematocrit test that detects a deficit of iron in the blood. A child’s brain, however, is sensitive to low iron concentrations long before the blood effects appear. Iron deficiency lowers the motivation to persist in intellectually challenging tasks and impairs overall intellectual performance. Anemic children perform poorly on tests and are disruptive in the classroom; iron supplementation improves learning and memory. When combined with other nutrient deficiencies, iron-deficiency anemia has synergistic effects that are especially detrimental to learning. Furthermore, children who had iron-deficiency anemia as infants continue to perform poorly as they grow older, even if their iron status improves. The long-term damaging effects on mental development make prevention and treatment of iron deficiency during infancy and early childhood a high priority. POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: QUESTION TYPE: HAS VARIABLES: LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: DATE CREATED: DATE MODIFIED: 1 Bloom’s: Understand 16.2 Nutrition during Childhood Essay False UNUT.WHRO.16.16.2 - Explain how children’s appetites and nutrient needs reflect their stage of growth and why iron deficiency and obesity are often concerns during childhood. 11/20/2017 7:41 AM 11/20/2017 7:45 AM 107. Explain the possible relationships between nutrition and hyperactivity. Hyperactive children have trouble sleeping, cannot sit still for more than a few minutes at ANSWER a time, act impulsively, and have difficulty paying attention. These behaviors interfere with social development and academic progress. The cause of hyperactivity remains unknown, but it affects about 11 percent of young school-age children. To resolve the problems surrounding hyperactivity, physicians often recommend specific behavioral strategies, special educational programs, and psychological counseling. If these interventions are ineffective, they may prescribe medication. Research on hyperactivity has focused on several nutritional factors as possible causes or treatments. Parents often blame sugar. They hopefully believe that simply eliminating candy and other sweet treats will solve the problem. Studies have found no convincing evidence that sugar causes hyperactivity or worsens behavior but dietary changes may still be helpful. Sugar-sweetened foods and beverages displace more nutritious choices from the diet, and, as stated previously, nutrient deficiencies are known to cause Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 40 Chapter 16 behavioral problems. Food additives have also been blamed for hyperactivity and other behavior problems in children, but scientific evidence to substantiate the connection has been elusive. Limited research suggests that food additives such as artificial colors or sodium benzoate preservative (or both) may exacerbate hyperactive symptoms such as inattention and impulsivity in some children. Additional studies are needed to confirm the findings and to determine which additives might be responsible for specific negative behaviors. POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: QUESTION TYPE: HAS VARIABLES: LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: DATE CREATED: DATE MODIFIED: 1 Bloom’s: Understand 16.2 Nutrition during Childhood Essay False UNUT.WHRO.16.16.2 - Explain how children’s appetites and nutrient needs reflect their stage of growth and why iron deficiency and obesity are often concerns during childhood. 11/20/2017 7:41 AM 11/20/2017 7:45 AM 108. How does obesity affect growth, physical health, and psychological development in children? Overweight children develop a characteristic set of physical traits. They typically begin ANSWER puberty earlier and so grow taller than their peers at first, but then they stop growing at a shorter height. They develop greater bone and muscle mass in response to the demand of having to carry more weight—both fat and lean weight. Consequently, they appear “stocky” even when they lose their excess fat. Like overweight adults, overweight and obese children display a blood lipid profile indicating that atherosclerosis is beginning to develop—high levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL cholesterol. Overweight and obese children also tend to have high blood pressure; in fact, obesity is a leading cause of pediatric hypertension. Their risks for developing type 2 diabetes and respiratory diseases (such as asthma) are also exceptionally high. In addition to the physical consequences, childhood obesity brings a host of emotional and social problems. Because people frequently judge others on appearance more than on character, overweight and obese children are often victims of prejudice and bullying. Many suffer discrimination by adults and rejection by their peers. They may have poor selfimages, a sense of failure, and a passive approach to life. Television shows, which are a major influence in children’s lives, often portray the fat person as the bumbling misfit. Overweight children may come to accept this negative stereotype in themselves and in others, which can lead to additional emotional and social problems. Researchers investigating children’s reactions to various body types find that both normal-weight and underweight children respond unfavorably to overweight bodies. POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: QUESTION TYPE: HAS VARIABLES: LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: DATE CREATED: 1 Bloom’s: Understand 16.2 Nutrition during Childhood Essay False UNUT.WHRO.16.16.2 - Explain how children’s appetites and nutrient needs reflect their stage of growth and why iron deficiency and obesity are often concerns during childhood. 11/20/2017 7:41 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 41 Chapter 16 DATE MODIFIED: 11/20/2017 7:45 AM 109. How can obesity be prevented? How should it be treated if developed in young children? To help prevent childhood obesity, these healthy habits are recommended: ANSWER Limit consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, such as soft drinks and fruit-flavored punches. Eat the recommended amounts of fruits and vegetables every. Learn to eat age-appropriate portions of foods. Eat foods low in energy density such as those high in fiber and/or water and modest in fat. Eat a nutritious breakfast every day. Eat a diet rich in calcium. Eat a diet balanced in recommended proportions for carbohydrate, fat, and protein. Eat a diet high in fiber. Eat together as a family as often as possible. Limit the frequency of restaurant meals. Limit television watching or other screen time to no more than 2 hours per day and do not have televisions or computers in bedrooms. Engage in at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity every day. The initial goal for overweight children is to reduce the rate of weight gain; that is, to maintain weight as the child grows taller. Continued growth will then accomplish the desired change in BMI. Weight loss is usually not recommended because diet restriction can interfere with growth and development. Intervention for some overweight children with accompanying medical conditions may warrant weight loss, but this treatment requires an individualized approach based on the degree of overweight and severity of the medical conditions. The many benefits of physical activity are well known but often are not enough to motivate overweight people, especially children. Yet regular vigorous activity can improve a child’s weight, body composition, and physical fitness. Ideally, parents will limit sedentary activities and encourage at least 1 hour of daily physical activity to promote strong skeletal, muscular, and cardiovascular development and instill in their children the desire to be physically active throughout life. Weight-loss programs that involve parents and other caregivers in treatment report greater success than those without parental involvement. Because obesity in parents and their children tends to be positively correlated, both benefit when parents participate in a weight -loss program. Parental attitudes about food greatly influence children’s eating behavior, so it is important that the influence be positive. Otherwise, eating problems may become exacerbated. The use of weight-loss drugs to treat obesity in children merits special concern because the long-term effects of these drugs on growth and development have not been studied. The drugs may be used in addition to structured lifestyle changes for carefully selected children or adolescents who are at high risk for severe obesity in adulthood. Orlistat is the only prescription weight-loss medication that has been approved for use in adolescents 12 years of age and older. Alli, the over-the-counter version of orlistat, should not be given to anyone younger than age 18. POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: QUESTION TYPE: HAS VARIABLES: LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: DATE CREATED: 1 Bloom’s: Understand 16.2 Nutrition during Childhood Essay False UNUT.WHRO.16.16.2 - Explain how children’s appetites and nutrient needs reflect their stage of growth and why iron deficiency and obesity are often concerns during childhood. 11/20/2017 7:41 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 42 Chapter 16 DATE MODIFIED: 11/20/2017 7:45 AM 110. Describe the importance of iron and calcium intake during adolescence. The need for iron increases during adolescence for both females and males, but for ANSWER different reasons. Iron needs increase for females as they start to lose blood through menstruation and for males as their lean body mass develops. Hence the RDA increases at age 14 for both males and females. For females, the RDA remains high into late adulthood. For males, the RDA returns to preadolescent values in early adulthood. In addition, iron needs increase when the adolescent growth spurt begins, whether that occurs before or after age 14. Therefore, boys in a growth spurt need an additional 2.9 milligrams of iron per day above the RDA for their age; girls need an additional 1.1 milligrams per day. Furthermore, iron recommendations for girls before age 14 do not reflect the iron losses of menstruation. The average age of menarche (first menstruation) in the United States is 12.5 years. Therefore, for girls younger than the age of 14 who have started to menstruate, an additional 2.5 milligrams of iron per day is recommended. Thus the RDA for iron depends not only on age and gender but also on whether the individual is in a growth spurt or has begun to menstruate. Iron intakes often fail to keep pace with increasing needs, especially for females, who typically consume fewer iron-rich foods such as meat and fewer total kcalories than males. Not surprisingly, iron deficiency is most prevalent among adolescent girls. Iron-deficient children and teens score lower on standardized tests than those who are not iron deficient. Adolescence is a crucial time for bone development, and the requirement for calcium reaches its peak during these years. Unfortunately, many adolescents, especially females, have calcium intakes below recommendations. Low calcium intakes during times of active growth, especially if paired with physical inactivity, can compromise the development of peak bone mass, which is considered the best protection against adolescent fractures and adult osteoporosis. Increasing milk and milk products in the diet to meet calcium recommendations greatly increases bone density. Once again, however, teenage girls are most vulnerable because their milk—and therefore their calcium—intakes begin to decline at the time when their calcium needs are greatest. Furthermore, women have much greater bone losses than men in later life. In addition to dietary calcium, physical activity causes bones to grow stronger. Because some high schools do not require students to participate in physical education classes, however, many adolescents are not as physically active as healthy bones demand. POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: QUESTION TYPE: HAS VARIABLES: LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: DATE CREATED: DATE MODIFIED: 1 Bloom’s: Understand 16.3 Nutrition during Adolescence Essay False UNUT.WHRO.16.16.3 - Describe some of the challenges in meeting the nutrient needs of adolescents. 11/20/2017 7:41 AM 11/20/2017 7:45 AM 111. Briefly explain the relationship between obesity and the early development of chronic diseases. Today, unprecedented numbers of U.S. children are being diagnosed with obesity and ANSWER serious “adult diseases,” such as type 2 diabetes, that accompany overweight. When type 2 diabetes develops before the age of 20, the incidence of diabetic kidney disease and death in middle age increases dramatically, largely because of the long duration of the disease. For children born in the United States in the year 2000, the risk of developing type 2 diabetes sometime in their lives is estimated to be 30 percent for boys and 40 percent for Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 43 Chapter 16 girls. U.S. children are not alone—rapidly rising rates of obesity threaten the health of an alarming number of children around the globe. Without immediate intervention, millions of children are destined to develop type 2 diabetes and hypertension in childhood followed by cardiovascular disease (CVD) in early adulthood. Invariably, questions arise as to what extent genetics is involved in disease development. For heart disease and type 2 diabetes, genetics does not appear to play a determining role; that is, a person is not simply destined at birth to develop these diseases. Instead, genetics appears to play a permissive role—the potential is inherited and will develop if given a push by poor health choices such as excessive weight gain, poor diet, sedentary lifestyle, and cigarette smoking. Many experts agree that preventing or treating obesity in childhood will reduce the rate of chronic diseases in adulthood. Without intervention, most obese children become obese adolescents who become obese adults, and being obese exacerbates every chronic disease that adults face. Fatty liver, a condition that correlates directly with BMI, was not even recognized in pediatric research until recently. Today, fatty liver disease has a high prevalence in obese children. POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: QUESTION TYPE: HAS VARIABLES: LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: DATE CREATED: DATE MODIFIED: 1 Bloom’s: Understand H-16 Childhood Obesity and the Early Development of Chronic Diseases Essay False UNUT.WHRO.16.H-16 - Describe the lifestyle factors that can help prevent childhood obesity and the development of type 2 diabetes and heart disease. 11/20/2017 7:41 AM 11/21/2017 11:56 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 44