Parental/Child Psychological Interventions Behavioural Therapies parents could try for children with ODD +ve reinforcement addition of a stimulus to ↑ a behaviour -ve reinforcement removal of a stimulus to ↓ or ↑ a behaviour Consistent Discipline clear + firm rules with predictable consequences avoid harsh punishments as it can make things worse Effective communication School based support collaborate with teachers to create a structured learning environment behaviour management strategies school assess if learning difficulties contribute to frustration & oppositional behaviour Parent/Child Interaction Therapy pre-school aged kids for children aged 3-7 & their parents showing ODD goal is for parents to strengthen parent/child bond & ↑ prosocial behaviour of the child aims to ↓ child externalising & internalising symptoms ↓ caregiver stress, depression & potential abuse & negative communication ↑ positive communication ↓ use of corporal/physical punishment/discipline * How program is implemented = -> 1 hr weekly sessions for 12-14 wks -> delivered via didactic presentations to parents & direct coaching -> parents while they are interacting with their children -> parents are coached to attend to the child's behaviour consistently & predictably * behavioural techniques are designed to aid children's emotional regulation by providing parents with developmentally appropriate language & skills ODD features Key Principles Resentful * stress management Early annoyed * focus on flee time Argues with adult * their focus on discipline & Loses temper consequence strategies Blames others Annoy other people Defies rules or request Spiteful Caregivers of children with emotional disorders may themselves fall into patters of behaviour that reinforces the child's intensive experience of emotions or unhelpful coping strategies → overprotection → role in child's cortical stress response → inconsistent reinforces & discipline associated with ↑ disruptive behaviours → Psychologically critical behaviours by caregivers may