University:
York University
Course:
NURSING 2534 | Pathophysiology
Academic year:

2023
Views:

365

Pages:

7
Author:

Niklas

Blood Circulation: Heart -> Aorta -> Ascending (Type I or A) -> Carotid Artery -> Cerebral Artery -> Circle of Willis Ischemic stroke: Clot in the circle of Willis Hemorrhagic stroke: Rupture of a blood vessel Fatty plaques in carotid artery Thrombus or embolus: Clot in the circle of Willis Protection of the Brain: 1. Skull (hard): Flat bone with red bone marrow 2. Meninges (protective layers): Dura mater ("hard mother") Epidural space Arachnoid layer Subdural space Pia mater ("soft mother") Subarachnoid space 3. Brain: Floats in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Monroe-Kellie Hypothesis: The skull is a closed structure with equal components of: CSF Brain tissue Blood Any increase in one of these components will increase intracranial pressure (ICP). Intracranial Pressure (ICP): Normal ICP: 10-20 mmHg ↑ ICP -> ↓ Loss of consciousness (warning) Brain cells are the only cells that NEVER regenerate. Cushing's Triad: ↑ BP (blood pressure) ↑ HR (heart rate) ↓ RR (respiratory rate) Spinal Cord: Relays impulses (highway) Stretches from C1 to L5 Lumbar tap (CSF) Reflexes: Do not go to the brain Nerves: Ascending (Afferent): Sensory Descending (Efferent): Motor b. Covering fast impulses ✓ myelinated covered with Myelin Sheath ✓ Demyelinated no myelin sheath slow impulses • multiple sclerosis → binabalatan anywhere • amyotrophic Lateral only the motor nerves affects muscles Sclerosis (ALS) Spinal injuries 1.7C4 = C1, C2, C3 Death 2. C4-T ✓ Quadriplegia Paralysis of 4 Extremities →Complete Cirreversible) Priority: RESPIRATORY FXN suction axygenation L↳ Diaphragm Paralysis Le facilitate lung expansion ✓ Urinary Retention Bladder Distention Stool Retention Bowel Distention Sexual Disfen Male = Impotence (ED) L. Female Lubricationx Bartholin's Gland 3. T-L, SC →Paralysis of L.E. • Priority: ELIMINATION TRemoval of urine + stool ✓ Urinary Retention Bladder Distention Stool Retention Bowel Distention Sexual Disfen Male Impotence (ED) ✓ Lo Female Lubrication Bartholin's Gland Mge: Cotneter ↑↑ Urinary Retention: C/ Bladder Autonomic Dysreflexia Diuretica La Beaddar buildup Disfxn Autonomic Sisx: TBP ↑↑ Stool Retention: Bladder Disfxn Dysreflexia LHR Enema, toxoti Glasgow Coma Scale 1. Best Eye Opening Response: 4 - Spontaneous 3 - Responds to voice 2 - Responds to pain 1 - No Response (comatose) 2. Best Verbal Response: 5 - Oriented 4 - Confused, delayed answer 3 - Inappropriate words (delay + wrong answer) 2 - Incomprehensible sounds 1 - No Response (no pain stimuli) 3. Best Motor Response: 6 - Obeys command 5 - Localizes pain (pinching) 4 - Withdraws to pain 3 - Abnormal flexion (decorticate) 2 - Abnormal extension (decerebrate) 1 - No Response Scoring: 15-11: Mild, monitor 10-7: Moderate, report 6-3: Severe, emergency