Lecture Note
Biology Lecture Feb17
-
University:
Amherst College -
Course:
BIOL 104 | Food, Fiber, and Pharmaceuticals Academic year:
2023
-
Views:
337
Pages:
21
Author:
Felipe Tapia
• Acorns are high in starch and oil but also high in
tannins, secondary compounds used as defense
against herbivores: very bitter
• But almonds were successfully domesticated by
selectively chosing non-bitter mutants--why not oaks? 4. Genetics
3. Squirrels move acorns everywhere; plot
contamination by individuals that were not planted
2. Squirrels prefer bitter, small acorns (differential
selection as with strawberries)
1. Slow growing (minimum 10 years to fruit)
But almonds were successfully domesticated by selectively
chosing non-bitter mutants--why not oaks? What are some human traits/characteristics that vary? What are some human traits/characteristics that vary?
Qualitative: discrete, usually a single gene
Quantitative: continuous, multiple genes and
environmental effects
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Quantitative trait loci (QTLs): multiple genes contribute
to a particular phenotype
Frequency Almonds: single, dominant gene responsible for bitterness
Parental
generation
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© In Oaks, bitterness is controlled by multiple genes What is the connection between qualitative & quantitative traits?
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What
Early Allelic Selection in Maize as
Revealed by Ancient DNA
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• Ancient DNA from cobs as old as
4300 years old
When did the gene variants (alleles) in
modern maize arise and become
established?
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_ Tb1--allele (gene variant) in maize represses lateral growth, leading to
unbranched architecture, also affects location of female flowers on the primary
branches in maize
Pbf--affects expression of seed storage proteins in kernel
Su1--encodes enzyme related to starch formation; contributes to the structure of
amylopectin, one of two components of starch
years B. P.
1 ,000
660
730
750
910
B . P.
B . P.
B . P.
B . P.
Pbf
maize
teosinte
maize
teosinte
maize
teosinte
2,000
1 ,860 B . P.
1 , 870 B . P.
modern
2,350 B . P.
2,735 B . P.
2,750 B . P.
3,000
New Mexico
-
660 B P 1 ,870 B P
4,000
Mexico
2,350 B. P -2,750 B. P
4,300 B . P.
4,405 B . P.
Tularosa Cave
in New Mexico
Ocampo Caves
in Mexico • Modern maize alleles already established in maize 4300 years ago
in Mexico
• Plant architecture and biochemical properties of protein and starch
already selected before maize was introduced into US
• Early selection on cob size and kernel quality
years B. P.
1 ,000
660
730
750
910
B . P.
B . P.
B . P.
B . P.
Pbf
maize
teosinte
maize
teosinte
maize
teosinte
2,000
1 ,860 B . P.
1 , 870 B . P.
modern
2,350 B . P.
2,735 B . P.
2,750 B . P.
3,000
New Mexico
-
660 B P 1 ,870 B P
4,000
Mexico
2,350 B. P -2,750 B. P
4,300 B . P.
4,405 B . P.
Tularosa Cave
in New Mexico
Ocampo Caves
in Mexico How do scientists trace the history of domestication of various
crops?
INDEPENDENT CENTERS OF
DOMESTICATION
Rye 13.000 B P.?
Emroer wheat 20.000 B, P.
Eintorn wheat lO SOO B.P
Barley 10.000 B.P.
Fig 11.400 B.P.?
.
squash 5000 B.P.
Sunflower 5000 B.P. /
Chenopod 4000 B.P. !
Marshelder 4000 B. P
Broomcorn millet 8000 B.P.
Foxtail millet 8000 B.P.
.—
ptpo
pepc squash 10.000 B.P.
Mai e 9000-8000 B.P.
Common bean 4000 B.P.
*
Moiduw squMh 10.000 B P.
Arrowroot 9000 B .P.
Yam (0. trifk/ a ) 6000 B.P.
Cotton 6000 B.P.
Sweet potato 4500 B.P.
Lima bean 6500 B P.
Leren 10.000 B.P
.
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African rke 2000 B.P.
Pearl millet 3000 B P.
Sorghum 4000 BP
.
Rice 8000 B.P.
Foxnut 8000 B.P.
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Mung bean 4500 B.P.
Horse gram 4500 B. P
Millets 4500 B.P.
.
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Potato 7000 B.P.?
Quinoa 5000 B.P.
V?
Peanut 8500 B.P.
Manioc 8000 B.P.
Chili pepper 6000 B.P.
Yam (0. oloto ) 7000 B.P.?
Banana 7000 B.P
Taro 7000 B.P.? Wk
. Geographic distribution of maize and teosinte (Zea mays)
Core Andean South American
•
Other South American
Guatemala & Southern
Mexico
Carribean
Lowland Western &
Northern Mexico
Highland Mexico
•
Teosinte
Eastern & Central USA
Southwestern USA
•
Northern Mexico
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ssp. parviglumis
ssp. mexicana
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A single domestication for maize shown by multifocus
microsatellite genotyping Phylogenies of maize and teosinte based on 99 microsatellites
t
Microsatellite: an area of DNA where
the same base or set of bases is
repeated; such regions often vary
considerably within species--forensics
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Core Andean
South American
&
Other South American
Guatemala & Southern
Mexico
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Carribean
Lowland Western &
Northern Mexico
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Highland Mexico
Eastern & Central
USA
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Northern Mexico
—
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Southwestern USA
ssp. parviglumis
ssp.
mexicana
ssp. huehuetenangensis Tuber: Modified swollen stem for water or carbohydrate storage
Solanum tuberosum--Potato
True root: fleshy, with storage for
water or carbohydrates
Ipomoea batatas--sweet potato
Dioscorea species--Yam A
A single domestication for potato based
Andigenum Group 1100a
Andigenum Group 1463 a
Indigenum Group 55 X 8
Andigenum Group 5491b
indigenuni Group 5021
tndigenum Group 5167
Andigenum Group 513K
Andigenum Group 5372
Andigenum Group 3062
Andigenum Group 504
Andigenum
Group 1497
—
4
Andigenum Group 3091)
tndigenum Group 25 X 879
Andigenum Group 258917
Slenolomum Group 1951 XX_
Stenotomum Group 195214
Slenolomum Group 234015.
Slenolomum Group 23401l
Slenolomum Group 230512
Chilolanum Group 245940
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Andigenum Group 2 X 1038
Andigenum Group 5594
Andigenum Group 3520
Andigenum Group 30 X31)
Andigenum Group 5633
Andigenum Group 5443
Phureju Group 4440
Phureju Group 4535
Phureju Group 4602
Andigenum Group 5060
Andigenum Group 3083c
4
Andigenum Group 312 le
Andigenum Group 5037
Andigenum Group 5460b
Andigenum Group 5507
Andigenum Group 5226
Andigenum Group 5043
Phureju Group 4526
Pliureja Group 4436
Phureju Group 4474
Vtenotomum Group 4654
S. hukusovii 568954
Andigenum Group 3133
Andigenum Group 25X900
Andigenum Group 2 X 0995
Andigenum Group 3166b
Chilolanum Group 3282
Andigenum Group 161401
Chilolanum Group 245796
Chilolanum Group 245 X 15
Slenolomum Group 545980
.S. umho\ inum 498209
Andigenum Group 5282
Andigenum Group 5183
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on multilocus amplified fragment length
polymorphism genotyping
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S amhosinum 49 X 212
S. huka\ o\ ii 365362
S' eunusense 265X63
V eunusense 45 X 376
S' murinusense 310944
V eanasense 365356
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S. hukusovii 414155
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V eunusense 210035
V eunusense 246533
S. leplophyes 473445
S mulliinlerriiplum 275272
.
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.V. eundolleanum 498227
V. eundolleanum 595503
m
Andigenum Group 670a
Andigenum Group 1833
Andigenum Group 1893a
Andigenum Group 2068a
Andigenum Group 5389
ahancayense 458403
— SS.. eunusense
473355
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S. hukusovii 266385
S. muhidisseelum 210044
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S. hukusovii 473494
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V hukusovii 473493
S. eunusense 473348
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S. pumpusense 442697
S. achueachcnse 558032
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S. muhidisseelum 473352
S. andreanum 583311
.V. puueisseeium 365340
.S. mnlliinterruplum 365338
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V. multiinterruplum 365337
.S’, ucroseopieum 365315
.
S’ hulhocustunum 545752
S. polytitlenium 498036
_ S. slenophyllidium 545825
S eluherns urn 498311
S pulus!re 558161
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Andigenum Group 1846
Andigenum Group 606
Andigenum Group 5460c
Andigenum Group 5575b
Andigenum Group 281208
S unidentified 234009
•Slenolomum Group 195186
Slenolomum Group 205526
Slenolomum Group 205527
Slenolomum Group 195204
Slenolomum Group 234012
Slenolomum Group 230513
S. aeroseopieum 230495
Andigenum Group 1801
Andigenum Group 3121h
Andigenum Group 3083a
Andigenum Group 5093
Chilolanum Group 6052
Pliureja Group 4415
Pliureja Group 4463
.
Phureju Group 4605
Slenolomum Group 4687
Phureju Group 4618b
Andigenum Group 5589
Andigenum Group 4988
Andigenum Group 5213
Andigenum Group 5612
Andigenum Group 5215
Andigenum Group 5457b
Pliureja Group 4322
Pliureja Group 4531
Phureju Group 4451
Pliureja Group 4575
Andigenum Group 473269
Andigenum Group 1368
Andigenum Group 3191
Andigenuni Group 473251
Andigenum Group 280991
Andigenum Group 3189b
Andigenum Group 3065
Andigenuni Group 225628
Chilolanum Group 245835
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S. ahancayense 442700
S amhosinum 498210
', amhosinum 498213
S’, muhidisseelum 473349
S. canasense 2 X30X4
S’, canasense 265864
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S. murinusense 498254
S marinasense 458380
S marinasense 310946
S. marinasense 210040
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S. hukusovii 568933
S marinasense 498255
S', candolleununi 498226
S. eandolleanum 498313
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S. ahancayense 458404
S. muhidisseelum 473354
S. muhidisseelum 2111045
S. muhidisseelum 210052
£ hukusovii 473492
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.S canasense 442696
.S, muhidisseelum 210055
S. muhidisseelum 473353
£ ehilliasense 567821
S. pascoense 365339
.S, mulliinlerriiplum 498266
.S multiinterruplum 365336
S leplophyes 473451
S pampasense 275275
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S tarnii 498048
S slenophyllidium 545832
S etuherosum 498412
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y Other crops that originated in the New World? Capsaicin: hot compound that many peppers (Capsicum
species) produce in fruits
• Birds not affected by capsaicin
• Mammals heavily deterred
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