University:
Amherst College
Course:
BIOL 261 | Animal Physiology with Lab
Academic year:

2023
Views:

203

Pages:

9
Author:

Alma Stephenson

Animal Form and Function Introduction  Animals are generally studied through the anatomy and physiology – Anatomy is the study of an organism’s physical structure – Physiology is the study of how the physical structures in an organism function  There is a great amount of diversity in anatomical and physiological traits observed in animals Tissues Are Groups of Cells That Function as a Unit  Animals are multicellular—their bodies contain distinct types of cells that are specialized for different functions  A tissue is a group of similar cells that function as a unit – Embryonic tissue gives rise to four adult tissue types Connective Tissue  Consists of cells loosely arranged in a liquid, jellylike, or solid matrix  Matrix comprises extracellular fibers and other materials  Is secreted by the connective tissue cells themselves  The nature of the matrix determines the nature of the connective tissue Connective Tissue  Types of connective tissue – Loose connective tissue—contains an array of fibrous proteins in a soft matrix – Examples include adipose and fat tissue – Dense connective tissue—found in the tendons and ligaments – Connects muscles, bones, and organs Summary Table 42.1 Connective Tissue – Supporting connective tissue—has a firm extracellular matrix – Includes bone and cartilage – Fluid connective tissue—cells surrounded by a liquid extracellular matrix – Example: Blood contains a variety of cell types and has a specialized extracellular matrix called plasma Nervous Tissue  Nervous tissue consists of nerve cells, or neurons, and several types of supporting cells  Most neurons have two distinct types of projections from the cell body, where the nucleus is located – Short, branching dendrites, which transmit electrical signals from other cells to the cell body – Long axons, which carry electrical signals from the cell body to other cells Figure 42.4 Cell body Dendrites Axon (the longest human axons are over a meter long) 10 m

Animal Form and Function Lecture 1

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