University:
Boston University
Course:
CAS EE 645 | Physical Models in Remote Sensing
Academic year:

2023
Views:

170

Pages:

15
Author:

szkafut4kac

Tsunami modeling TSUNAMI MODELING 1. Tsunami characteristics 2. Mathematical models for earthquake generated tsunamis 3. Model results and case studies. 4. Mathematical models for landslide generated tsunamis 2 What are tsunamis? Tsunamis are water waves generated by a geophysical event: Earthquake Landslide Volcano eruption/collapse 1896 Meiji tusnami tsu-nami harbor waves 海嘯 hai-shou sea outcry Motivations for tsunami research Two recent tsunamis generated by mega earthquakes • December 26, 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunamis • March 11, 2011 Japan-Tohoku Tsunamis December 26 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunamis Epicenter and after shocks 2004 Indian Ocean E/T Rupture speed: 2 ~ 3 km/s Rupture duration: 10 mins Fault Plane Width: 150 ~ 300 km Maximum horizontal displacement: 20 m Color scales the vertical displacement 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami Observations by the International Tsunami Survey Team in Sri Lanka (Liu et al., Science 2005) Sumatra earthquake and tsunami caused nearly 230,000 deaths and $10 billion in damage. Measured in lives lost, this is one of the ten worst earthquakes in recorded history, as well as the single worst tsunami in history. Indonesia was the worst affected area, with most death toll estimates at around 170,000. The death toll is Sri Lanka and India is more than 50,000. Tsunami caused serious damage and deaths as far as the east coast of Africa, with the farthest recorded death due to the tsunami occurring at Rooi Els in South Africa, 8,000 km (5,000 mi) away from the epicenter. In total, eight people in South Africa died due to abnormally high sea levels and waves. Measured tsunami runups (blue) and maximum tsunami heights (black). Red dots show sites of elevation measurement; areas shaded in black are less than 10 m above sea level. 2011 Japan-‐Tohoku Earthquake/Tsunami was a magnitude 9.0 (Mw) undersea mega-‐ The 2011 earthquake oﬀ the Paciﬁc coast of Tōhoku thrust earthquake oﬀ the coast of Japan that occurred at 14:46 JST (05:46 UTC) on March 11, 2011,with the epicenter approximately 70 kilometers (43 mi) east of the Oshika Peninsula of Tōhoku and the hypocenter at an underwater depth of approximately 32 km (20 mi). AUershocks compiled by JMA GPS monitored Ground displacement 5.3m Eastward 1.2m subsidence 2011 Japan-Tohoku Earthquake/Tsunami The earthquake triggered powerful tsunami waves that reached heights of up to 40.5 meters (133 ft) in Miyako in Tōhoku's Iwate Prefecture, and which, in the Sendai area, travelled up to 10 km (6 mi) inland. 2011 Japan-Tohoku Earthquake/Tsunami • On 12 March 2012, a Japanese National Police Agency report confirmed 15,861 deaths, 6,107 injured, and 3,018 people missing across twenty prefectures, as well as 129,225 buildings totally collapsed, with a further 254,204 buildings 'half collapsed', and another 691,766 buildings partially damaged. The earthquake and tsunami also caused extensive and severe structural damage in north-eastern Japan, including heavy damage to roads and railways as well as fires in many areas, and a dam collapse. • The tsunami caused a number of nuclear accidents, primarily the ongoing level 7 meltdowns at three reactors in the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant complex, and the associated evacuation zones affecting hundreds of thousands of residents. • Early estimates placed insured losses from the earthquake alone at US$14.5 to $34.6 billion. The Bank of Japan offered ¥15 trillion (US$183 billion) to the banking system on 14 March in an effort to normalize market conditions. The World Bank's estimated economic cost was US$235 billion, making it the most expensive natural disaster in world history. Objectives of tsunami research • Forecasting tsunami: arrival time and wave amplitude • Tsunami hazard mitigation: inundation/hazard maps, coastal management/planning, coastal structure design. Education/ communication Developing research/engineering tools • Appropriate mathematical models describing tsunami physics • Accurate and efficient numerical models solving the mathematical model. Characteristics of tsunamis in ocean basin What can we learn from the field data? 2011 Tohoku Tsunamis Satellite data (Song et al. GRL, 39, 2012) Amplitude < 0.3 m Wavelength > 300 km 1 min = 1.8 km 1 degree = 111 km 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunamis Comparisons between model results and Jason-1 measurements (Wang and Liu, JHR 44, 2006) (left) and TOPEX measurements (right) Wave amplitude <0.6 m Wavelength > 300 km

Tsunami Modeling Part 1

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