URINE SAMPLES a. Types of urine samples 1. Nuchter's urine : namely a urine sample excreted when the patient is fasting 8- 10 hours 2. Postprandial urine: namely a urine sample that is first released 2 hours after eating. Nuchteric and postprondial urine to screen for the presence of glucose. 3. Morning urine : namely urine that is excreted first in the morningafter Wake up. 4. Intermittent urine: namely urine excreted at a time that is not specifically determined. 5. 24 hour urine: namely by collecting urine for 24 hours in a large clean and dry bottle with a preservative added, the volume of the bottle container is around 1 ½ liters or more and can be closed properly. How to collect it is as follows : 6 am to 6 am the next day, the patient's urine is collected (the first urine does not need to be collected) or also known astimed specimens.Another type, such as 12-hour daytime urine, is from 7 pm to 7 am the next day. The method for collecting it is as explained above. This urine is needed when quantitatively determining a substance in urine because urine is completely meaningless in interpreting metabolic processes in the body. If the urine is collected over a known period of time, it can provide a conclusion, and the analysis figures are reliable. Sometimes 24 hour urine is collected in separate containers, this can be done for patient examinationDiabetes Militus (DM) to see the number of first and next meals. 3 glasses of urine and 2 glasses for men, namely: three glasses are provided, preferably a sediment glass (the bottom of the glass is narrow to settle the sediment so that it is easily visible to the naked eye, the patient must urinate directly into the glasses without stopping the flow urine is done as follows: a. Into the first glass is collected 20 – 30 ml of urine which first comes out. This urine usually contains cells frompars anteriorAndpars prostatica urethrae which are washed away by the flow of urine., although there are also small number of cells from the proximal. b. The next urine is put into the second glass, except for the last few ml that are excreted, usually the urine in the second glass contains elements from the urine bag. c. The last few ml of urine are collected in a third glass: this urine is expected to contain special elements frompars prostatica urethrae and prostate sap that is squeezed out until finally urinating. To get two glasses of urine, the method is similar to that described earlier, with the difference: the third glass is removed and 50 – 75 ml of urine is collected into the first glass. b. Urine preservative There are various kinds of preservatives that can be used universally to prevent urine from various kinds of changes that may occur. 1. Toluene: This preservative is widely used because the breakdown of urine by germs is inhibited, more – preferably cold, very good for preserving glucose, acetone and acetoacetic acid. Use 2 – 5 ml of toulene to preserve urine 24 hours, the amount is put into a collection bottle and every time urine is added, the bottle is shaken well. 2. Thymol: A grain of thymol as a preservative has properties like toulene too. If the amount of thymol is too much there is a possibility of a false positive result in the reaction to proteinuria by heating with acetic acid. 3. Formaldehyde: Specifically used to preserve sediment, use 1 - 2 ml of 40% formaldehyde solution to preserve urine for 24 hours, the weakness is that if it is in large quantities it will interfere with the reduction and obermayer tests to confirm the presence of indication. 4. Concentrated sulfuric acid: Used in quantitative examination of calcium, nitrogen and many others other inorganic substances. The amount that must be given must be in accordance with the amount of urine until the pH is <4.5. This acid reaction prevents the release of nitrogen in the form of ammonia and prevents calcium phosphate deposits from occurring. 5. Sodium carbonate: Specifically used to preserve urobilinogen. If it will be used to determine excretion/24 hours. Put approximately 5 grams of sodium carbonate in a container bottle along with a few ml of toulene. c. Urine container Urine container: in the form of a screw cap container with a wide mouth, it must be clean and dry because the presence of water and dirt in the container will cause germs to multiply and change their structure. Give a clear label in the form of the patient's name, date of birth, address, medical record number, type of urine and preservative used, if the patient is a hospital patient also give the sample collection date on the label. Write or stick the patient's identity on the wall of the container, not cover the container, to avoid mixing samples.