Strong Verbs

Strong Verbs are verbs in which the vowel in the stem is changed to indicate tenses. Ring ==> Rang ==> Rung is an example of a strong verb in Modern English; the vowel changes from "i" to "a" to "u" depending upon the verb tense. Although they are not in themselves particularly difficult to understand, strong verbs can cause problems for beginning Old English student translations because the form of a strong verb that you find in a sentence is very often not the form of the verb listed in the dictionary. For example, if you look up the word sungon in the dictionary, you will not find it (just as you will not find “sung” in a Modern English dictionary). To find the meaning of sungon you must convert the verb to its infinitive form, singan, which you can then easily find in the dictionary. In order to translate strong verbs, then, we need to be able to recognize the patterns of vowel changes and reconstruct the infinitive from whichever forms we find in sentences. Conjugating Strong Verbs To conjugate a Strong Verb you need to know four pieces of information: • • • • The infinitive: translated as "to xxxx". "To read" is the infinitive in the sentence "Alfred liked to read vernacular books." In Old English the infinitive will end with an. The 3rd person singular in the past tense -- for example, "rang" in the sentence: "He rang the bell." [Many grammar books use the term preterite for past tense.] The past tense plural -- for example, "sang" in the sentence "They sang the song" (it's the same for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd persons). The past participle -- for example, "tired" in "Alfred's tired eyes forced him to stop reading." Note: for probably 80 percent or more of the Strong Verbs you'll be translating you won't need the past participle, but it's a good idea to learn it anyway, since it's the principle part from which Modern English forms of Old English strong verbs are drawn. There are seven classes of strong verbs. You can use the following poem to help place a verb in its proper class: The cat will bite the bird that will not fly and spring upon the mouse when he comes by. He gives no quarter and takes no guff. A fool he holds him who falls for such stuff. -- by Patrick W. Conner Mnemonic Tip: Memorize the poem. Taking the Modern English verbs from the poem in order gives us examples, in order, from the seven Old English Strong Verb classes: Class I: bite = bitan Class II: fly = fleon Class III: spring = springan Class IV: come = cuman Class V: give = giefan Class VI: take = tacan Class VII: hold = healdan Unfortunately, different grammar books use different conventions in numbering the verb classes. Some use Roman numerals as we do, but others use Arabic numerals. When in doubt, look at the table of abbreviations that usually appears either at the beginning of the book or the beginning of the book's glossary. If you learn the principle parts of each of these verbs, you'll have the Strong Verb system. Since strong verb classes are based upon a word's vowel or diphthong, you'll be able to match new words with the patterns you've memorized. For example, if you encounter the word "dreogan" ("to endure"), you'll notice that the diphthong "eo" is the same as the diphthong in "fleon." You'll then know that "dreogan," like "fleon," is a class 2 strong verb and follows that particular paradigm. Infinitive bitan fleon springan cuman giefan tacan healdan 3rd Person Singular Past bat fleah sprang cam geaf toc heold All Plurals Past biton flugon sprungon camon geafon tocon heoldon Past Participle biten flogen sprungen cumen giefen tacen healden You can use these principle parts to construct a complete conjugation. Use the basic weak verb endings, but plug the appropriate strong verb stems into the paradigm. Strong Verb Complete Conjugation Sample: bitan and singan Just as in a weak verb, the stem plus an ending creates the present tense forms for the various persons. We'll use bitan = "to bite" and singan="to sing" as examples. First find the stem of the verb by removing an from the infinitive. Removing an from bitan and singan gives us bit and sing as the two stems. Then plug these stems into the paradigm below. Present Tense Singular 1st Person 2nd Person 3rd Person e est eð 1st, 2nd and 3rd Persons að Plural Ending Class I Class III bite bitest biteð singe singest singeð bitað singað For the past tense we use the 3rd person singular past. However, for the 2nd person past tense you must use the vowel of the all plurals past (in this case i) with an e as the ending. Past Tense Singular 1st Person 2nd Person 3rd Person 1st, 2nd and 3rd Persons Ending Class I Class III e bat bate bat sang sunge sang on biton sungon Plural Subjunctive Mood The subjunctive mood uses the stem for the present tense and the vowel of the 3rd person plural past of the past tense, adding e in the singular and en in the plural. Thus, the subjunctive past and 2nd sg. past share the same vowel. Present Tense Singular Ending 1st, 2nd and 3rd Persons e 1st, 2nd and 3rd Persons en Plural Class I Class III bite singe biten singen Past Tense Singular Ending 1st, 2nd, 3rd Person e 1st, 2nd and 3rd Persons en Plural Singular Singular bite sunge biten sungen Imperative Mood (can only be in the 2nd person and only in present tense) The imperative mood uses just the stem for the singular and the stem plus að for the plural. Singular 2nd Person stem only bit sing 2nd Person að bitað singað Plural Inflected infinitive: to bitanne, to singanne Present participle: bitende, singende Past participle: biten, sungen