European History The Enlightenment

The Enlightenment ● The Age of Reason ● A time where people began to think that ○ Reason is more important than traditional religion ○ People believe in the supernatural ○ People cared more about science (evidence we can measure) ○ People start to question the authority of absolute monarchs, nobles, and of the Church (all based on tradition) ● There was a belief that we can build a perfect society based on reason ○ People have individual freedom of speech/religion ○ More democratic government (moves away from feudalism) ■ Seperate from the Church ● People became more about morals and ethics rather than traditional beliefs Deism= the belief that God created the world and lets it run like a machine on its own Before Enlightenment ● Divine Rights of Kings ○ Kings rule, belief that God put them there ○ Nobles and Kings are superior because of their blood(family line) ■ Questioned by Thomas Hobbes and John Locke Thomas Hobbes ● Kings rule because we put them there ○ Social Contract John Locke ● Human beings have natural rights to life, liberty, and property ● We make governments to protect our rights The French (philosophers) Voltaire ● French philosopher ● Thought France should get rid of the Church and of the privileges of nobles Montesquieu-Died in 1755 ● Believes in separation of powers (executive, legislative, judicial) Diderot ● Assembled first encyclopedia (1751-1765) Jean Jacques Rousseau ● Society should be a democracy ● The government is elected and rules by the will of the people Adam Smith ● Advocate for free trade ● Capitalism Immanuel Kant- 1784 ● “Dare to Know” ● Freeing ourselves from the slavery of Feudalism Neoclassical Art ● Art exhibitions ● Museums ● Music ○ Mozart Europe During the 1700s ● William of Orange (William II) and Mary ○ King from House of Hanover ● Parliament gains more power, office of Prime minister created ○ Whigs and Tories Robert Walpole ● First prime minister of England Catholic Stuart Kings try to take back throne ● 1745- Bonnie Prince Charlie (grandson James II)- lands in Scotland leads rebellion, defeated at Battle of Culloden Monarchs in the Enlightenment ● Extremely powerful and absolutist ● Try to separate the church from the state, remove trade barriers, improve the lives of peasants, make law codes ● Fight massive, global wars with each other using massive armies Frederick the Great (Prussia) ● Makes Prussia the most powerful country in Central Europe Global Wars ● War of Austrian Succession 1740-1748 ○ Prussia grabs land from Austria,becomes most powerful country in central Europe ○ French and English in North America ● Seven Years war 1756-1763 ○ Prussia against rest of Europe ○ French and English ■ Fought French and Indian war in North america (English take Canada) ○ Fight in India ● Partition of Poland 1795 ○ Russia, Prussia, and Austria invade and divide Poland up among themselves ○ Poland does not exist as an independent country again until after World War I The French Revolution 1789 French involved in American Revolution ● Bring ideas of American Revolution back to France ● Fight in American Revolutionary War- come back to France trained and ready for revolution The Ancient Régime (the old order in France) ● 1st estate = clergy (not taxed) ● 2nd estate= nobles (not taxed) ● 3rd estate= everyone else (pay all taxes) ● Problems ○ Country is bankrupt ○ King Louis XV and XVI are weak and inept ■ Marie Antoinette wife of Louis XVI (Austrian Princess) ○ Not enough food in Paris Revolution Begins ● May 1789 - Louis XVI calls the Estate General ○ meeting of representatives from the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Estates ○ 3rd Estate calls for more power ■ Declares itself the National assembly of France and invites the other two estates to join (many nobles and clergy join) ■ June 20 They are locked out of the assembly hall and meet at a tennis court ● Took the Tennis court oath which sweared took keep meetings until France had a constitution Storming of the Bastille ● King brings army to the city ○ People of Paris fear a plot by the King ● July 14, 1789- mobs of people storm the Bastille (city prison of Paris), Free the prisoners and take the weapons Deceleration of the Rights of Man ● August 26, 1789- Assembly drafts a Declaration of the Rights of man and the citizen ○ Based on the U.S Declaration of Independence (same ideas) ○ Thomas Jefferson helped write the document Jacques Necker The Assembly Takes over ● Abolishes the nobility ● Takes all Church property, abolishes monasteries ● Forces all clergy to swear loyalty to the government ○ Some (juring priests) do, others (non-juring priests) do not ○ Non-juring priests were persecuted- counter revolution in countryside by peasants who support their priests Jacobin The Flight to Varennes (June 20,1791) ● King and family try to flee to Paris to raise an army to crush the Revolution ○ recognized at Varennes and brought back to Paris ● People in Paris outraged, call for King to step down The Revolution Intensifies ● Jacobins (radical revolutionaries) dominate the Assembly ● April 1792- Assembly declares War on Austria ○ Austria had threatened to come in to restore the King’s power ● July 1792- Grain shortages in Paris ○ rebels in Paris overthrow the Assembly, attacks the King’s palace (The Tuileries) and imprison him ○ Break into the city jail and massacre 1600 priests The King Guillotined ● September 21, 1792 - French revolutionary army wins first major victory against Austria at Valmy ○ the convention abolishes the monarchy in France ● January 21, 1793 - Louis XVI executed by guillotine for being a traitor Terror Begins ● 1793- War with Austria, peasant rebellions in France against the Revolution ○ committee of Public Safety takes over government Jacobins kill Girodins for not agreeing with them Maximilien Robespierre The Terror 1793-1794 ● Maximilien Robespierre starts the “Terror” to eliminate enemies of the revolution ○ Tens of thousands are killed without trial (by guillotine) ○ draft masses of people into the army ○ makes christianity illegal, churches closed ■ Robespierre starts a cult of the Supreme being to replace Christianity ■ October 1793 Marie Antoinette is killed by a guillotine End of the Terror ● Robespierre’s supporters every start to feel unsafe ● Robespierre’s gets guillotined- marks end of terror Thermidor Government (1794) ● New Constitution - Moderate government with 5 man council called the Directory (Executive Branch) ● French Army under Napoleon Bonaparte conquer Northern Italy (1797) ● 1799- Napoleon takes power with the army, makes himself First consul ○ 18 of Brumaire Napoleon ● From island of Corsica ● Military Genius ● Led French campaigns in Italy and Egypt (1797), became national hero ○ military ● Conquers Europe with his great army ○ Puts his friends and family members on the thrones of European countries ● Makes civil code (law code) ● Makes Concordat (agreement) with Church (Christianity is legal again) ● Proclaims himself Emperor of the French (1804) ● Tries to invade England - Stopped at trafalgar by Admiral Horacio Nelson (1805) Battle of Austerlitz(1805) ● Defeats Austria and Russia - brilliant strategy- Napoleon’s greatest victory ● Holy Roman Empire dissolved ● Napoleon makes the Confederation of the Rhine (united group of German states) ● Creates unified Kingdom of Italy in northern Italy Napoleon involves Russia (summer 1812) ● Russia too big, takes too long for supplies to come, cannot feed army ● Russians burn everything and retreat so that Napoleon’s army cannot live off the land ● Battle of Borodino- Napoleon takes big losses ● Winter starts to come - French forced to retreat - die of cold and disease (only 1/7) survive Fall of Napoleon ● Russians, Germans, and Austrians move into France ○ Battle of the Nations - Napoleon is defeated (1814) and exiled to the island of Elba ● Returned in 1815, takes control of the army (100 days) ● Defeated at the Battle of Waterloo (1815) by the British under the Duke of Wellington ○ Exiled for life at the island of St.Helena Toussaint Louverture ● Leads Haiti in revolution against France The Conersvative Reaction ● Restoring Monarchy in Europe The Congress of Vienna (1814) ● European powers meet to decide what to do with Wurope after Napoleon defeat ○ led by Clemens von Metternich (Austrian foreign minister) ● Restores Louis XVIII (brother of Louis XVI) as king of France - The Bourbon Restoration and restores King of Spain ● Makes German Confederation to replace the Holy Roman Empire Louis XVIII (France) ● Rules with a constitution and assembly (constitutional monarch) ● Keeps Napoleon's Law codes Conservative Reaction ● Kings across Europe crash any attempts by the people make government more democratic or liberal Ferdinand VII (Spain) ● riots in 1805- asked Napoleon for help ● Napoleon invited him over then imprisoned him ● Napoleon put his brother on the throne ● Revolt until 1814 with British support ● 1812- democratic government elected ● 1814- Napoleon loses and Ferdinand returns and exiles any/every part of the democratic government Alexander I (Russia) ● Congress of Vienna gave him Poland ○ have democraticesque government ● Followed by Nicholas I Franz II (Austria) (1792-1835) ● wanted no change Debate After the French Revolution ● Liberalism (the Enlightenment) - we should have government by the people, where people are allowed to speak, worship, and trade freely ● Versus ● Conservatism- we should keep old institutions the way they are (like the king and the church) ○ Government tells people how to live ○ Edmund Burke (England) Industrial Revolution ● People start making things such as fabric and metal goods using machines, instead of by hand ● People start using coal and steam power ● People start making things in centralized factories instead of individually at home ● Putting out system- Producing things in homes and selling them ● Started in England 1700s- spreads to Germany then slowly the rest of Europe ● Reduces the power of nobles who own land, not factories ● Makes everyone wealthier ○ Factories produce cheap goods people can afford to buy ○ Farming becomes more efficient and feeds people better ● Population grows massively in Europe ● People move to cities away from the country ○ to work in factories ● Textile Industry ○ producing cloth, clothing fabric The Working Class ● Live crammed in slums (no sewer, polluted water supply) ● Work all day in factories ● Vid young, have very poor health ● Women and children work in factories as well ● However their situation and living standards improved overtime ● Begins to organize themselves into unions The other classes (grow very wealthy) ● Middle class (businessmen and managers) ● Factory owners (very wealthy) ● Wealth inequality between workers and factory owners grows 19th century ideas Romanticism ● a movement in art and literature in 1800s ● Romanticism was a reaction to the Enlightenment (which emphasized reason) ● Romanticism instead emphasized ○ emotion, passion and the power of nature ○ as well as heroism, sacrifice ○ the past, old myths and legends become prominent Romantic Music ● Beethoven ● Schubert, Schumann ● Chopin ● Wagner Literature Poets ● William Wordsworth ● Percy Byshhe Shelly ● John Keats ● Lord Byron ● Samuel Taylor Literature- Germany ● Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ● Friedrich Schiller Nationalism ● The idea that each ethnic group should get its own independent country ○ Germans want united Germany (not bunch of little Kingdoms) ○ Italians want unified Italy (not many little kingdoms) ○ Hungarians want independence from Austrian Empire Utilitarianism ● Goal of society is to provide “greatest happiness for the greatest number” Socialism ● the idea that that the government should own everything ● The community should own things jointly (no private property) ● The opposite of capitalism(people own things privately, Buy and sell for money) Karl Marx ● wrote the communist manifesto ● started a worldwide communist / Marxist movement ● Founder of Marxism ● Believed the workers of the world (the proletariat) should unite and start a world revolution to overthrow the factory owners (bourgeoisie) and take over society ○ then gradually there would be no more countries, governments, or private property, and the world would be a communist society Reform and Revolution 1815-1848 Britain - becomes slowly more liberal and democratic ● 1819- “Peterloo Massacre” -massive protest in Manchester demanding voting rights for all citizens ○ British army charges and kills many ● 1830’s Parliament lowers property qualifications required to vote for representatives ○ Abolishes slavery ● Corn Laws- tariff on imported grain Revolutions of 1830 ● France- Paris revolts after Charles X dissolves the Assembly, king flees- assembly brings in Louis- Philippe (more liberal) ● Belgium rebels against Netherlands and becomes independent ● Poland rebels against Russia (crushed) Balkan Peninsula ● Under Ottoman Control 1400’s ● Ottoman Empire grows weak, loses control of Balkans and Egypt ● Powerful local rulers and Janissaries oppress peasants (Christians) and take their food Nationalist Movements in Balkans ● Greek want to restore Byzantine Empire, want independence ○ Peasants rebel 1821 ● Serbs want independence ○ Rebels against Ottomans 1815 ● 1830-Treaty of London ○ Russia, France, Britain intervene and force Ottomans to recognize independent Greece and Serbia The 1848 Revolutions ● Revolutions across European every country for democracy ○ Riots in cities (Paris, Vienna, Berlin) - people demand voting rights, end of serfdom ● Starts with February Revolution in Paris (overthrows Louis Philippe and establishes republic) ● Czechs, Hungarians want independence from Austria ○ Hungary declares independent republic ● Germans and Halians want unified countries (nationalism) Frankfurt Parliament 1848 ● Assembly from all German countries meets at Frankfurt to discuss unified Germany ● Draws up constitution for united Germany (not including Austria) Revolution Fails ● France- Louis Napoleon (nephew of Napoleon) elected President of republic- 1852 proclaims- self Emperor Napoleon III ● Germany - Prussian army crushes ● Austria, Italy, Hungary- Austrian army crushes Unification of Italy ● North Italy united by kingdom of Piedmont (1859) under King Victor Emmanuel II ○ Attacks Austrian territories in Italy with the help of Napoleon III ● 1860- revolution in South Italy, united itself to North ● 1860-Victor Emmanuel I conquers Papal states ○ Pope Pius IX loses political power and becomes “prisoner of the Vatican” The Crimean War (1854-1856) ● Russia invaded Ottoman Empire to protect Orthodox Christians ● Britain and France defend Ottomans ○ Attack Russia just to keep the balance of power in Europe Realpolitik ● politics based on the pursuit of power, not on moral principles Prussia ● Under King Wilhelm I with his minister Otto von Bismarck Prussia conquers other German states ● Seven weeks war with Austria 1866 ○ Prussia establishes North German Confederation and annexes smaller states Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) ● Prussia and North German Confederation invade France and take Alsace and Lorraine ● 1871-German princes and proclaim German Empire under Wilhelm Kaiser (Wilhelm I) France ● Franco-Prussian War ○ Napoleon III captured - France becomes republic (Third republic) ○ Paris Commune 1871- socialist uprising in Paris takes over city (crushed by the army) Austria-Hungary ● 1867- Hungary becomes independent part of Austrian Empire - Austrian Empire now known as Austria - Hungary ○ Hungary- Magyars ○ Croats- Croatia Magyarization- force schools to reach Magyar language Ottoman Empire and Balkans ● Empire weak, huge debt ● Young Turks inside empire protest, want reform ● Crimson war- Romania becomes independent (1856) ● 1876 Bulgaria revolts (protected by Russia as fellow Slav nation) ○ becomes independent Russia ● 1861-Tsar Alexander II freed the serfs (liberal) Britain ● More and more people can vote for Parliament ● Liberal and conservative parties dominate politics Across Europe ● Governments become more liberal (except in Prussia/Russia) ● Prussia and Russia stay autocratic (Tsar I emperor has most or all the power) 1859-1900 ● massive factory production (steel, - buildings, trains, ships) ○ lives of workers improve, middle class grows ● Telegraph, telephone allow for faster communication ● Trade and travel increases Suez canal Queen Victoria- Victorian Era in England ● Hard working middle class ideal, strict morality Age of Optimism ● Scientific advances ○ Charles Darwin: Theory of evolution (life forms evolve over time) ○ Louis Pasteur: discovers germs, realizes they cause disease ● People believe science can solve their problems The New Imperialism ● European countries race to colonize Africa (and parts of Asia) ○ French and Belgian Congo extract rubber, Commit atrocities ● British Empire includes India, South Africa, Egypt ○ BoerWar ● China weak, European countries dominate for trade ○ Opium Wars Anxiety across Europe ● People in democracies want more participation in the government ● People in autocracies (Russia, Prussia) want democracy ● Workers strike across Europe ● Socialists gain power, assassinations across Europe (anarchists) Russia ● War with Japan 1904-1905 ● 1905:workers strike across Russian Empire ● Revolution in St. Petersburg 1905 ○ “Blood Sunday” - Tsar’s troops fire on protestors ● Russian socialist parties from ○ Bolsheviks - want immediate violent revolution to establish communist state Age of Empires ● Land Empire: Russia, Austria ● Sea Empires: Britain, France Germany aggressive and imperialist ● Kaiser Wilhelm II aggressive, wants to prove himself and expand German Empire ○ builds up German army and navy ○ Morocco Crisis: demands trading rights with Africa War looms ● Russia and France afraid of Germany ● Germany afraid of being surrounded by Russia and France Chaos in the Balkin Peninsula ● 1908 - Austria annexed Bosnia (where many serbs live) ○ Serbia is furious at Austria ● 1914- Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria (heir to the throne) assassinated by Serberian terrorists in Sarajevo (Bosnia) War Breaks Out ● Austria declares war on Serbia ○ Germany supports Austria (“Blank check”) ● Russia starts to mobilize army in defense of Serbia ○ Germany declares war on Russia and France World War I (1914-1918) ● The Entente ○ Russia, France, Britain ● Vs The Central Powers ○ Germany, Austria, Ottomans Enthusiasm for war across Europe People have no idea how horrible it is going to be Course of the War ● Germany knocks out Russia quickly from the war (Battle of Tannenberg) ● Germany invades France through the Netherlands ○ Defensive War: both sides dig trenches ○ Trench warfare: try to advance bit by bit across the land and dig new trenches ■ Millions die to gain or lose a few miles of land ■ Very little gain or loss of territory The Horrors of War- traumatic for Europe ● New Technology ○ Machine guns ○ Poison gas ○ Huge artillery ● Life of the Trenches ○ Muddy, filthy ○ Rats, lice, disease Russain Revolution (1917) ● February Revolution: Protests in St.Petersburg over fund and feel, army joins the protests - Tsar Nicholas II abdicates ● October Revolution: Bolsheviks (communist) party under Vladimir Lenin takes over St.Petersburg ● Russian Civil War between between Reds(communist) and Whites (1918-1921) ○ Lenin and Reds win - establish Union 1922 Stalin Lenin Trotsky End of the War ● Germany over extended and running out of resources ● 1918- US enters the war (Germany had been sinking American ships) ● Germany seeks peace ○ Kaiser abdicated- Germany becomes republic (Weimar republic) ○ November 11,1918 (end of the war) Treaty of Versailles 1919 (ends WWI) ● Germany ○ Blamed for the war ○ Forced to pay massive reparations ○ Forced to disarm itself and shrink its army ○ Harsh treaty- Germans feel betrayed and angry (sets the stage for WWII) ● Breaks up the Russian and Austrain Empires ○ Creates independent Poland (Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Hungary, etc.) ● Makes League of Nations to manage disputes between countries (USA doesn't join- fails) World War I Legacy ● Germany bitter and angry ● Pointless war- millions died for no reason ● Europe traumatized Lenin dies- Joseph Stalin becomes Soviet Union Leader after 1928 Stalin’s Plan for the USSR (1930’s) ● The “5 year plans” to industrialize the USSR ○ Government takes all the farmers’ land and makes collective farms ○ Forces farmers to work on collective farms ○ Sells their crops internationally to buy factory machinery ○ Leaves farmers to starve ■ 5 million starve to death, Especially in Ukraine Life Under Stalin ● Uses secret police to find anyone who might be disloyal to the regime (including communist party members or army leaders) ○ kills or sends millions to the Gulag (forced labor camps) Nazism in Germany 1920’s-1930’s in Germany ● Germany forced to print money to pay France- paper money becomes worthless (inflation) ● Worldwide great Depression in 1930’s ○ High unemployment Nazi Party ● Anti-Communist, anti-Jewish (blame them for Germany’s weakness after WWI) ● Want to re-arm Germany and expand ● Nationalist believe German race (the Aryan race) is superior Democracy fails in Germany ● Political parties fail to agree on anything -> government cannot function ● People become more radical -> elect Communist and Nazi parties to the parliament ● Nazi’s refuse to work with other parties unless Hitler is made the chancellor -> Hitler appointed chancellor (1933) ● Parliament building set on fire by a commmunist (the Reichstag fire) -> Hitler declares state of emergency, suspends democracy, becomes Führer of Germany Party rallies Hitler Youth Nazi Germany ● Sterilize people with genetic diseases ● Kill disabled people (1939) ● 1938 - Kristallnacht (night of the broken glass) - Jewish synagogues and stores destroyed, Jews forced to leave Germany ● Imprison anyone who disagrees with regime (many clergy) Hitler’s Beliefs (from his book Mein Kampf) ● All history is a struggle between races ● German race must expand and conquer Hitler’s Plan for Germany ● Purify Germany (of Jews, foreigners, and disabled people) ● Expand Germany east into Poland and Russia - Killor starve out the slavs living there - Settle the area with Aryan Germans - Because German race needs more living space (Lebensraum) World War II (1939-1945) ● The Axis powers (Germany, Japan, some Eastern European state, Italy ● The Allies (Russia, USA, Britain) War begins ● 1935 Germany rearms itself (against the Treaty of Versailles) ● 1938 Hitler annexes Austria (makes Austria part of Germany - the Anschluss ● 1938 Britain and France allow Hitler to annex the Sudetenland parts of Czechoslovakia where many Germans live) - policy of appeasement - Hitler then takes over the rest of Czech lands Hitler invades France ● French surrender after 6 weeks -> Germans occupy France ● Britain fights alone against Germany (defends against German air attacks) June 1941 : Hitler invades Russia ● (His plan all along) ● Advance stopped outside of Moscow by Russians as winter sets in The SS- Nazi Elite German Brutality ● SS sent to Poland and Russia along with the army ● Organize mass shootings of… ○ Polish priests and intellectuals ○ Soviet Prisoners ○ Communist party members ○ Polish and Soviet citizens in areas that rebel ○ Jews especially The Holocaust- the systematic killing of 6 million Jews by the Nazi Regime The “Final Solution” ● Starting in 1941, Hitler and the SS plan to 1. Place all Polish Jews in ghettos 2. Transport them and Jews from the rest of Europe to death camps in Poland to exterminate them a. Crowd them into gas chambers, kill them with poison gas, then burn the bodies in massive ovens b. Largest camp= Auschwitz (1 million Jews total die) The Tides Turn ● Battle of Stalingrad 1943- Russians destroy German army ○ Russians begin pushing back German line and moving West US Enters War ● December 7, 1941- Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor (destroy much of West Pacific Fleet) ○ Invade US island and Philippines ● US and Britain invade in North America ● US and Britain invade France June 6, 1944 D'Day End of the War ● Germans fighting on two fronts ○ Exhausted and out of resources, especially oil ● Americans push across France ● Russians take Berlin- Hitler commits suicide and army surrenders Potsdam Conference (July 1945) Aftermath ● Allies divide Germany into occupation zones ○ City of Berlin divided between allies ● United Nations founded ● Trial of Nazi War criminals in the Nuremberg Trials