Understanding Strong Adjectives in Old English

Adjectives are words that are used to describe nouns. Alfred was a great king. "great" describes the noun "king", so it is an adjective. There are two classes of adjectives in Old English: Strong Adjectives, which are the subject of this chapter, and weak adjectives, which we cover in the Chapter 12. Almost all Old English adjectives can be either strong or weak, depending on how they are used in a sentence. That's right: the same word is a strong adjective in some contexts and weak in others. Fortunately the rules for determining whether an adjective is strong or weak are very simple, and in any event, "strong" and "weak" are just labels that tell you what ending the adjective takes depending on the case (which, you'll remember, marks the grammatical function) of the noun it is modifying, Strong Adjectives can stand on their own; they do not need a demonstrative to assist them: Wise kings are kind to their subjects. Notice there is no demonstrative assisting the adjective. "Wise" is therefore, in this sentence, a strong adjective. If an adjective has a demonstrative assisting it, it will be weak. If the same adjective has no demonstrative, it will be strong. (If the sentence read: "The wise king is kind to his subjects," "wise" would be a weak adjective). This characteristic of Old English adjectives is important, because there are different declensions that are used depending on whether or an an adjective is used in a grammatically strong or weak manner. Reminder: A declensions is simply a list of the different endings that are added to a stem to indicate that the word is in a certain case (i.e., that it is fulfilling a certain grammatical function). A declension is for nouns, pronouns and adjectives what a conjugation is for verbs. Strong Declension Adjectives Paradigms (A dash - in a paradigm indicates that the stem gets no ending) Singular Strong Declension Adjectives Case Nominative Genitive Accusative Dative Instrumental Masculine Neuter Feminine es ne um e es um e u* re e re re Plural Strong Declension Adjectives Case Nominative Genitive Accusative Dative and Instrumental Masculine Neuter Feminine e ra e um u ra u or —* um a ra a um *Note: for strong adjectives with a long vowel (such as god), the nominative singular feminine and the accusative plural neuter have no endings (strong adjectives with a short vowel have u). See the example god below. Strong Declension Adjectives Examples til = good Singular Strong Declension Adjectives (Examples) Case Nominative Genitive Accusative Dative Instrumental Masculine til tiles tilne tilum tile Neuter til tiles til tilum tile Feminine tilu tilre tile tilre tilre Plural Strong Declension Adjectives (Examples) Case Nominative Genitive Accusative Dative and Instrumental Masculine Neuter Feminine tile tilra tile tilum tilu tilra tilu tilum tila tilra tila tilum Note:The genitive personal pronouns (possessive pronouns) min, þin, sin, eower, uncer and incer (see Chapter 7) can be used as adjectives ("My sword is old," "Alfred spoke to your friend"). When possessive pronouns are used adjectivally, they are declined like the strong adjective til (good). god = good Singular Strong Declension Adjectives (Examples) Case Nominative Genitive Accusative Dative Instrumental Masculine god godes godne godum gode Neuter god godes god godum gode Feminine god godre gode godre godre Plural Strong Declension Adjectives (Examples) Case Nominative Genitive Accusative Dative and Instrumental Masculine Neuter Feminine gode godra gode godum god godra god godum goda, gode godra goda, gode godum