Lecture Note
Mixed Designs: Between and Within
-
University:
California State University, Northridge -
Course:
PSY 485AA-ZZ/S | Advanced Inquiry in Research and Analysis Methods and Seminar Academic year:
2024
-
Views:
400
Pages:
30
Author:
constibarsjz
Mixed Designs:
Between and Within Mixed Between and Within Designs
• Conceptualizing the Design
▫ Types of Mixed Designs
• Assumptions
• Analysis
▫ Deviation
▫ Computation
• Higher order mixed designs
• Breaking down significant effects Conceptualizing the Design
• This is a very popular design because you are
combining the benefits of each design
• Requires that you have one between groups IV
and one within subjects IV
• Often called “Split-plot” designs, which comes
from agriculture
• In the simplest 2 x 2 design you would have Conceptualizing the Design
• In the simplest 2 x 2
design you would have
subjects randomly
assigned to one of two
groups, but each group
would experience 2
conditions
(measurements)
GRE - before GRE - after
S1
S1
Kaplan
Princeton
S2
S2
S3
S3
S4
S4
S5
S5
S6
S6
S7
S7
S8
S8
S9
S9
S10
S10 Conceptualizing the Design
• Advantages
▫ First, it allows generalization of the repeated
measures over the randomized groups levels
▫ Second, reduced error (although not as reduced as
purely WS) due to the use of repeated measures
• Disadvantages
▫ The addition of each of their respective
complexities Conceptualizing the Design
Treatment
Group
Control
Group
Pretest
Posttest
S1
S1
S2
S2
S3
Treatment
S3
S4
S4
S5
S5
S6
S6
S7
S7
S8
No Treatment
S8
S9
S9
S10
S10
• Types of Mixed
Designs
▫ Other than the mixture
of any number of BG
IVs and any number of
WS IVs…
▫ Pretest Posttest Mixed
Design to control for
testing effects Assumptions
• Normality of Sampling Distribution of the BG
IVs
▫ Applies to the case averages (averaged over the
WS levels)
• Homogeneity of Variance
▫ Applies to every level or combination of levels of
the BG IV(s) Assumptions
• Independence, Additivity, Sphericity
▫ Independence applies to the BG error term
▫ But each WS error term confounds random
variability with the subjects by effects interaction
▫ So we need to test for sphericity instead; the test is
on the average variance/covariance matrix (over
the levels of the BG IVs) Assumptions
• Outliers
▫ Look for them in each cell of the design
• Missing data
▫ Causes the same problems that they did in the BG
and WS designs separately
Data points missing across the WS part can be
estimated as discussed previously
Missing data in the randomized groups part causes
non-orthogonality Analysis
Within Groups
b1
b2
b3
Randomized Groups
a1
a2
a3
S1
S1
S1
S2
S2
S2
S3
S3
S3
S4
S4
S4
S5
S5
S5
S6
S6
S6
S7
S7
S7
S8
S8
S8
S9
S9
S9
S10
S10
S10
S11
S11
S11
S12
S12
S12
S13
S13
S13
S14
S14
S14
S15
S15
S15 Sources of Variance
• SST=SSBG+SSWS
• What are the sources of variance?
▫
▫
▫
▫
▫
▫
A
S/A
B
AB
BxS/A
T
• Degrees of freedom? Example – Books by Month
• Example:
▫ Imagine if we designed the previous research
study concerning reading different novels over
time
▫ But instead of having everyone read all of the
books for three months we randomly assign
subjects to three different books and have them
read for three months S1
B: Month
b1:
b2:
b3:
Month 1 Month 2 Month 3 Case Means
1
3
6
S1 = 3.333
S2
1
4
8
S2 = 4.333
a1: Science Fiction S3
3
3
6
S3 = 4
S4
5
5
7
S4 = 5.667
S5
2
4
5
S5 = 3.667
A: Type of Novel
a1b1 = 2.4 a1b2 = 3.8 a1b3 = 6.4
a2: Mystery
a3: Romance
a1 = 4.2
S6
3
1
0
S6 = 1.333
S7
4
4
2
S7 = 3.333
S8
5
3
2
S8 = 3.333
S9
4
2
0
S9 = 2
S10
4
5
3
S10 = 4
a2
a2b1 = 4
S11
4
2
0
S11 = 2
S12
2
6
1
S12 = 3
S13
3
3
3
S13 = 3
S14
6
2
1
S14 = 3
S15
3
3
2
S15 = 2.667
a2b2 = 3 a2b3 = 1.4
a3b1 = 3.6 a3b2 = 3.2 a3b3 = 1.4
a2 = 2.8
a3 = 2.733
b1 = 3.333 b2 = 3.333 b3 = 3.067 GM = 3.244 Sums of Squares - Deviation
The total variability can be partitioned into A,
B, AB, S/A, and B*S/A
SSTotal = SS A + SS B + SS AB + SS S / A + SS B*S / A
) ∑ n (Y − Y ) + ∑ n (Y − Y ) +
∑ (Y − Y=
+ ∑ n (Y − Y ) − ∑ n (Y − Y ) − ∑ n (Y − Y )
2
2
...
ijk
j
. j.
2
...
k
2
jk
. jk
+ j ∑ (Yi.. − Y. j . )
...
2
..k
...
2
j
. j.
...
2
k
..k
2
2
+ ∑ (Yijk − Y. jk ) − j ∑ (Yi.. − Y.k . )
... SS A =
∑ n j (Y. j. − Y... ) = 15*[( 4.2 − 3.244) + ( 2.8 − 3.244) + ( 2.733 − 3.244) ] = 20.583
SS B =
∑ nk (Y..k − Y... ) = 15*[( 3.333 − 3.244) + ( 3.333 − 3.244) + ( 3.067 − 3.244) ]= .708
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
SS AB ∑ n jk (Y. jk − Y... ) − ∑ n j (Y. j. − Y... ) − ∑ nk (Y..k − Y=
=
)
...
∑ n (Y
jk
. jk
5 *[( 2.4 − 3.244 ) + ( 3.8 − 3.244 ) + ( 6.4 − 3.244 ) +
− Y... ) =
2
2
2
+ ( 4 − 3.244 ) + ( 3 − 3.244 ) + (1.4 − 3.244 ) +
2
2
2
+ ( 3.6 − 3.244 ) + ( 3.2 − 3.244 ) + (1.4 − 3.244 ) ] =
92.711
2
2
SS AB= 92.711 − 20.583 − .708= 71.420
2
2 SS S / A= k ∑ (Yi.. − Y. j . ) = 3*[( 3.333 − 4.2 ) + ( 4.333 − 4.2 ) + ( 4 − 4.2 ) +
2
2
2
2
+ ( 5.667 − 4.2 ) + ( 3.667 − 4.2 ) + ( 3.333 − 2.8 ) + (1.333 − 2.8 ) + ( 3.333 − 2.8 ) +
2
2
2
2
2
+ ( 3.333 − 2.8 ) + ( 2 − 2.8 ) + ( 2 − 2.733) + ( 3 − 2.733) + ( 3 − 2.733) +
2
2
2
26.400
+ ( 3 − 2.733) + ( 2.667 − 2.733) ] =
2
2
2
2 2
2
SS B*S / A= ∑ (Yijk − Y. jk ) − k ∑ (Yi.. − Y. j . ) =
∑ (Y
ijk
− Y. jk ) =
(1 − 2.4 ) + (1 − 2.4 ) + ( 3 − 2.4 ) + ( 5 − 2.4 ) + ( 2 − 2.4 ) +
2
2
2
2
2
+ ( 3 − 3.8 ) + ( 4 − 3.8 ) + ( 3 − 3.8 ) + ( 5 − 3.8 ) + ( 4 − 3.8 ) +
2
2
2
2
2
+ ( 6 − 6.4 ) + ( 8 − 6.4 ) + ( 6 − 6.4 ) + ( 7 − 6.4 ) + ( 5 − 6.4 ) +
2
2
2
2
2
+ (3 − 4) + ( 4 − 4) + (5 − 4) + ( 4 − 4) + ( 4 − 4) +
2
2
2
2
2
+ (1 − 3) + ( 4 − 3) + ( 3 − 3) + ( 2 − 3) + ( 5 − 3) +
2
2
2
2
2
+ ( 0 − 1.4 ) + ( 2 − 1.4 ) + ( 2 − 1.4 ) + ( 0 − 1.4 ) + ( 3 − 1.4 ) +
2
2
2
2
2
+ ( 4 − 3.6 ) + ( 2 − 3.6 ) + ( 3 − 3.6 ) + ( 6 − 3.6 ) + ( 3 − 3.6 ) +
2
2
2
2
2
+ ( 2 − 3.2 ) + ( 6 − 3.2 ) + ( 3 − 3.2 ) + ( 2 − 3.2 ) + ( 3 − 3.2 ) +
2
2
2
2
2
+ ( 0 − 1.4 ) + (1 − 1.4 ) + ( 3 − 1.4 ) + (1 − 1.4 ) + ( 2 − 1.4 ) =
63.6
2
2
SS B*S / A = 63.6 − 26.4 = 37.2
2
2
2
2 SSTotal=
∑ (Y
ijk
− Y... ) =
2
SSTotal =
(1 − 3.244 ) + (1 − 3.244 ) + ( 3 − 3.244 ) + ( 5 − 3.244 ) + ( 2 − 3.244 ) +
2
2
2
2
2
+ ( 3 − 3.244 ) + ( 4 − 3.244 ) + ( 3 − 3.244 ) + ( 5 − 3.244 ) + ( 4 − 3.244 ) +
2
2
2
2
2
+ ( 6 − 3.244 ) + ( 8 − 3.244 ) + ( 6 − 3.244 ) + ( 7 − 3.244 ) + ( 5 − 3.244 ) +
2
2
2
2
2
+ ( 3 − 3.244 ) + ( 4 − 3.244 ) + ( 5 − 3.244 ) + ( 4 − 3.244 ) + ( 4 − 3.244 ) +
2
2
2
2
2
+ (1 − 3.244 ) + ( 4 − 3.244 ) + ( 3 − 3.244 ) + ( 2 − 3.244 ) + ( 5 − 3.244 ) +
2
2
2
2
2
+ ( 0 − 3.244 ) + ( 2 − 3.244 ) + ( 2 − 3.244 ) + ( 0 − 3.244 ) + ( 3 − 3.244 ) +
2
2
2
2
2
+ ( 4 − 3.244 ) + ( 2 − 3.244 ) + ( 3 − 3.244 ) + ( 6 − 3.244 ) + ( 3 − 3.244 ) +
2
2
2
2
2
+ ( 2 − 3.244 ) + ( 6 − 3.244 ) + ( 3 − 3.244 ) + ( 2 − 3.244 ) + ( 3 − 3.244 ) +
2
2
2
2
2
+ ( 0 − 3.244 ) + (1 − 3.244 ) + ( 3 − 3.244 ) + (1 − 3.244 ) + ( 2 − 3.244 ) =
156.311
2
2
2
2
2 S1
B: Month
b3:
b1:
b2:
Month 1 Month 2 Month 3 Case Total
1
3
6
S1 = 10
S2
1
4
8
S2 = 13
a1: Science Fiction S3
3
3
6
S3 = 12
S4
5
5
7
S4 = 17
S5
2
4
5
S5 = 11
A: Type of Novel
a1b1 = 12 a1b2 = 19 a1b3 = 32
a2: Mystery
S6
3
1
0
S6 = 4
S7
4
4
2
S7 = 10
S8
5
3
2
S8 = 10
S9
4
2
0
S9 = 6
S10
4
5
3
S10 = 12
a2b1 = 20 a2b2 = 15
a3: Romance
a1 = 63
a2b3 = 7
a2 = 42
S11
4
2
0
S11 = 6
S12
2
6
1
S12 = 9
S13
3
3
3
S13 = 9
S14
6
2
1
S14 = 9
S15
3
3
2
S15 = 8
a3b1 = 18 a3b2 = 16
b1 = 50
b2 = 50
a3b3 = 7
a3 = 41
b3 = 46
Total = 146 Sums of Squares - Computational
What are the degrees of freedom?
And convert them into the formulas
▫
▫
▫
▫
▫
▫
A=a-1
S/A = a(s – 1) = as - a
B=b-1
AB = (a – 1)(b – 1)
BxS/A = a(b – 1)(s – 1)
T = abs – 1 or N - 1 df A = a − 1 = 3 − 1 = 2
df S / A = a ( s − 1) = 3(5 − 1) = 12
df B = b − 1 = 3 − 1 = 2
df AB = (a − 1)(b − 1) = (3 − 1)(3 − 1) = 4
df BxS / A = a (b − 1)( s − 1) = 3(3 − 1)(5 − 1) = 24
dfT = abs − 1 = N − 1 = 3(3)(5) − 1 = 44 Results – ANOVA summary table Higher order mixed designs Breaking down significant effects
• Between Groups IV(s)
▫ If you have a significant BG main effect(s) they need to
be broken down to find which levels are different
▫ The comparisons are done the same way as completely
BG comparisons
▫ The BG comparison error term is the same for all BG
comparisons
SS( reg . X j )
nY (∑ w jY j ) / ∑ w
=
MS S / AB
MS S / AB
2
F
2
j Breaking down significant effects
• Within Groups Variables
▫ If a WG main effect is significant it also needs to
be followed by comparisons
▫ WG comparisons differ from BG variables in that a
separate error term needs to be generated for each
comparison
▫ Instead of the Fcomp formula you would actually
rearrange the data into a new data set Breaking down significant effects
• Example Breaking down significant effects
B
b1
b3
S1
1
6
S1 = 7
S2
1
8
S2 = 9
a1 S3
3
6
S3 = 9
S4
5
7
S4 = 12
S5
S6
2
5
S5 = 7
a1b1=12 a1b3=32 a1=44
0
S6 = 3
3
S7
4
2
S7 = 6
a2 S8
5
2
S8 = 7
S9
4
0
S9 = 4
S10
S11
4
3
S10 = 7
a2b1=20 a2b3=7 a2=27
0
S11 = 4
4
S12
2
1
S12 = 3
a3 S13
3
3
S13 = 6
S14
6
1
S14 = 7
S15
3
2
S15 = 5
a3b1=18 a3b3=7 a3=25 T = 96 Breaking down significant effects
• Interactions
▫ Purely BG interactions can be treated with simple
effects, simple contrasts and interaction contrasts
using the Fcomp formula, the same error term
each time
▫ Purely WG and mixed BG/WG interactions
require a new error term for each simple effect,
simple contrast and interaction contrast (leave it
to SPSS)
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