University:
College of Central Florida
Course:
BSC2010 | Integrated Principles of Biology I
Academic year:

2022
Views:

355

Pages:

11
Author:

Gerald Rollins

Name Topic Date How do living things sexually reproduce? 1.3 Highlights Use with textbook pages W-57. Gametes Gametes, also known as sex cells, are required during sexual reproduction. The male gamete is the sperm and the female gamete is the egg. The sperm combines with the egg to form a zygote in a process called fertilization. Half of the genetic material of the zygote comes from the sperm and the other half comes from the egg. The figure below shows the union of the egg and the sperm. Sperm cells reach a jelly-like coating surrounding the egg cell and release substances that digest a path through the coating. This helps sperm cells get closer to the cell membrane of the egg. The head of one sperm cell eventually enters the egg cell, where the sperm nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus. Haploid and Diploid Gametes have half the normal number of chromosomes and are said to be haploid. When two gametes combine, they form a cell that is diploid, having a full set of chromosomes. These chromosomes are paired and are called homologous chromosomes. In the pair, one chromosome comes from the female parent and the other comes from the male parent. Figure 1.19 on page 49 shows the difference between haploid and diploid cells. © 2017, originally acquired by McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited Topic 1.3 • NEL 23 Name Topic Date 1.3 Meiosis Highlights During meiosis, a diploid cell undergoes two consecutive cell divisions to produce four haploid cells. These four cells are the gametes that will be involved in sexual reproduction. The figure below shows the first cell division. Telophase I Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase 1 . Growthand f r y/ , 7 ^ WBS.. ^ Development ! ^' ¦ 91 I I TV (interphase) ^ UjS Once the cell has divided once, the two daughter cells each divide again. The figure below shows the second cell division. i -,/' ssez . \ . j. , j ¦ w "v? :' -! HjjMMfa V ^ . ¦ I'iMt V -¦ v ¦¦ . . Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II Daughter Cells -i j)SSSs»*. v " • ¦ w® sms ff', : ' A mm .1,1 » MSmKBk - l U-eaePF-' / Ty- tyjjmm k |: >-¦ .* ^ / ..I".™:,' Human Development After fertilization, the single-celled zygote undergoes a series of cell divisions to become an embryo. The embryo continues to divide, grow, and develop into a fetus. Table 1.2 on page 53 of the textbook shows the key prenatal developments over nine months. Sexual Reproduction in Other Organisms Other organisms reproduce through sexual reproduction as well. Some fertilized eggs develop inside the female's body, while others develop outside the body. In plants, seeds and pollen are involved in pollination and fertilization. Refer to Figure 1.23 on pages 54 and 55 of the textbook to review the different ways organisms reproduce. 24 NEL-Topic 1.3 © 201 7, originally acquired by McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited Name Evaluating Date Topic 1.3 Gametes Use with textbook pages Id-HS. 1. Label the diagram below. a) Use the following terms for parts a) to f): female chromosome, male chromosome, egg, fertilization, sperm, zygote. h) Use the following terms for parts i), ii), and iii), diploid, haploid. c) Identify the method (mitosis or meiosis) that produces the cell. Label boxes x), y), and z). haploid sperm mitosis #) I ii) fertilization c) b) y) d) Feygfmosomes haploid egg mitosis e) Zygote dipolid iii) meiosis 2. Determine how many chromosomes are in the gametes and body cells of these organisms. Organism I I a) Human, Homo sapiens b) Sea otter, Enhydra lutris c) Spirit bear, Ursus americanus d) Chinook salmon, Oncorhrynchus Number of Chromosomes in the Gametes tshawytscha e) Red fox, Vulpes vulpes ® 2017, originally acquired by McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 23 19 37 34 17 Number of Chromosomes in the Body Cells 438 74 68 34 Topic 1.3 •NEL 25 Name Communicating Date Topic 1.3 ¦ . Meiosis Use with textbook pages >49-51. 1. What is the purpose of meiosis? To create more cells that makes the body up 2. Label each diagram with the corresponding stage of meiosis: anaphase I, anaphase II, interphase, metaphase I, metaphase II, prophase I, prophase II, telophase I, telophase II. a) telophase % I b) metaphase 11 c) ///'^ so % as i fto* '¦JiS} }) esa^igggca miMm& / ne \ : ^ " j 4 - "L j;/ / d) anaphase 11 prophase I e) interphase f) metaphase I / 7 A. ^ . • A ¦ 'fMv , ® : """ g) prophase 11 h) anaphase I i) telophase 11 / " ¦§ fa>'" , ill 1H 1 ,1^/ zygote —ÿ sperm + egg —ÿ fetus B. sperm + egg fetus —ÿ zygote —ÿ embryo C. zygote -ÿ fetus —ÿ embryo —ÿ sperm + egg D. sperm + egg ->¦ zygote -*¦ embryo ->• fetus 14. What allows a zygote to develop into an embryo? A. the zygote dividing by mitosis over several weeks B. the zygote dividing by meiosis over several weeks C. the zygote developing into gametes through mitosis over several weeks D. the zygote fusing with another zygote and then dividing by meiosis over several weeks 15. Which of the following is associated with sexual reproduction? I meiosis II pollination III fertilization A. I and II only B. I and III only C. II and III only D. I, n, and III 32 NEL • 1.3 Assessment © 2017, originally acquired by McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited Name Assessment Date Topic 1.3 16. Which of the following applies to meiosis? Number of Cell Divisions Number of Daughter Cells A. 2 4 B. 2 2 C. 1 4 D. 1 2 O 17. Paired chromosomes are called A. diploid. C. asexual. B. haploid. D. homologous. O 18. During which phase of meiosis are the homologous chromosome pairs lined up in the middle of the cell? A. prophase I C. telophase I O B. anaphase I D. metaphase I 19. Four nuclei form around the sets of chromosomes during O A. prophase II. C. telophase II. B. anaphase 11. D. metaphase II. 20. When is the nuclear membrane disappearing during meiosis? A. interphase and prophase I C. telophase I and telophase II B. prophase I and prophase II D. metaphase I and anaphase II O 21. Complete the following Frayer model for gametes. ""N f Definitions female or male sex cells sperm egg Examples ® 201 7, originally acquired by McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited Characteristics hapiods fetus Non-Examples 1.3 Assessment • NEL 33

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