Exam Short Answers

Exam Name___________________________________ SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the qu Figure 16.1 Using Figure 16.1, match the following: 1) Produces the hormones that promote the development of the female secondary sexual char Answer: D 2) Storehouse for the hormones produced by the hypothalamus of the brain. Answer: B 3) Produces the hormones that direct the production of the secondary male sex characteristics Answer: E 4) Produce hormones involved in electrolyte balance and the stress response. Answer: C 1 5) Produces hormones and is considered a neuroendocrine organ. Answer: A Figure 16.2 Using Figure 16.2, match the following anterior pituitary hormones with their targets: 6) Growth hormone. Answer: A 7) Follicle stimulating hormone. Answer: C 8) Prolactin. Answer: B 9) Adrenocorticotropic hormone. Answer: E 10) Thyroid stimulating hormone. Answer: D 2 MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1. Match the following: 11) An autoimmune problem involving the thyroid gland. Answer: E 12) Hyposecretion of growth hormone. A) Diabetes mellitus B) Addison's disease C) Pituitary dwarfism Answer: C 13) Hyposecretion of the pancreas. Answer: A D) Acromegaly E) Graves' disease 14) Hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex. Answer: B 15) Hypersecretion of growth hormone that occurs during adulthood. Answer: D Match the following: 16) Hyposecretion of the thyroid in adults. A) Cushing's disease Answer: D B) Gigantism 17) Hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex. Answer: A 18) Hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood. Answer: B 19) Hyposecretion of the thyroid in infants. Answer: C C) Cretinism D) Myxedema 3 Match the following: 20) The size and shape of a pea; produces hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands. A) Pituitary gland (hypophysis) B) Pancreas Answer: A C) Adrenal medulla 21) Is part of the sympathetic nervous system. D) Parathyroid glands Answer: C 22) Produces hormones that regulate glucose levels in the body. Answer: B 23) Primary regulators of blood calcium levels. Answer: D 24) Produces the body's major metabolic hormones. Answer: E E) Thyroid gland 4 SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the qu Figure 16.3 Using Figure 16.3, match the following: 25) Mainly produces glucocorticoids. Answer: B 26) Produces epinephrine. Answer: D 27) Produces aldosterone. Answer: A 28) Excess hormone levels from this region result in Cushing's syndrome. Answer: B 29) Hormones mimic sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitters. Answer: D 30) Mainly produces small amounts of gonadocorticoids. Answer: C 5 MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1. Match the following: 31) Testosterone production. A) Humoral stimulus Answer: C B) Neural stimulus 32) Epinephrine production. Answer: B C) Hormonal stimulus 33) Aldosterone production. Answer: C 34) Parathyroid hormone production. Answer: A TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 35) The pineal gland is used as a brain orientation reference landmark for brain X- rays. Answer: True False 36) Calcitonin is the main regulator of blood calcium levels. Answer: True False 37) The hormone that raises blood sugar levels is insulin. Answer: True False 38) The number of receptors for a particular hormone can change due to consistently high or lo hormone, which is referred to as up- and down- regulation. Answer: True False 39) Both "turn on" factors (hormonal, humoral, and neural stimuli) and "turn off" factors (feedb others) may be modulated by the activity of the nervous system. Answer: True False 40) ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones. Answer: True False 41) LH is also referred to as a gonadotropin. Answer: True False 42) Insufficient dietary iodine can cause Graves' disease. Answer: True False 43) Oxytocin is a strong stimulant of uterine contractions. Answer: True False 44) Enteroendocrine cells of the GI tract produce some hormones that are chemically identical t Answer: True False 6 45) Type 2 diabetes mellitus may reflect declining receptor sensitivity to insulin rather than de production. Answer: True False 46) The prime metabolic effect of cortisol is gluconeogenesis. Answer: True False 47) The beta cells in the pancreatic islets produce insulin. Answer: True False 48) Most type 2 diabetics do NOT produce insulin. Answer: True False 49) Cyclic AMP (cAMP), diacylglycerol (DAG), inositol triphosphate (IP3), and calcium ions ca messengers. Answer: True False 50) Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that controls blood pressure in part by increasing th of sodium. Answer: True False 51) Hypersecretion of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) can result in hyperten Answer: True False 52) Thyroid hormone production requires the presence of both iodine and calcium. Answer: True False 53) Many hormones synthesized in the gastrointestinal tract are chemically identical to brain n Answer: True False 54) Oxytocin and ADH are produced in the posterior pituitary. Answer: True False 55) Iodine is an essential element required for the synthesis of thyroxine. Answer: True False 56) The endocrine gland that is probably malfunctioning if a person has a high metabolic rate i Answer: True False 57) Growth hormone solely exerts its influence by targeting other endocrine glands to produce Answer: True False 58) Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that usually enhance the immune responses when an suffering from severe stress. Answer: True False 59) Direct gene activation involves a second- messenger system. Answer: True False 7 60) All amino acid- based hormones are lipid soluble and can cross the plasma membrane. Answer: True False 61) All anterior pituitary hormones EXCEPT growth hormone affect their target cells via a cycl second- messenger system. Answer: True False MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the 62) Gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from fats and proteins, is due to the action of __ A) cortisol B) insulin C) secretin D Answer: A 63) Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the A) adrenal medulla B) thyroid gland C) thymus gland D Answer: C 64) Virtually all amino acid- based hormones exert their signaling effects through intracellular A) nucleotides B) calcium C) deactivating ions D Answer: D 65) Which of the following is NOT a category of endocrine gland stimulus? A) humoral B) hormonal C) enzymatic D Answer: C 66) Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that travel through the bl metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________. A) enzymes B) proteins C) antibodies D Answer: D 67) The hypothalamic- hypophyseal tract ________. A) connects the hypophysis to the pituitary gland C) runs through the infundibulum B) is the site of prolactin synth D) conducts aldosterone to the Answer: C 68) Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus? A) polyphagia B) polydipsia C) polyuria D Answer: D 69) Which of the following can act on receptors inside the target cell that directly activate speci A) calcitonin B) testosterone C) growth hormone D Answer: B 70) Oxytocin ________. A) is an anterior pituitary secretion B) controls milk production C) release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism D) exerts its most important effects during menstruation Answer: C 8 71) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ________. A) increases urine production C) secretion is inhibited by alcohol B) promotes dehydration D) is produced by the anterior Answer: C 72) Enterochromaffin- like cells of the gastric mucosa can be triggered to release histamine. His causes nearby parietal cells of the stomach lining to produce hydrochloric acid. The effect o parietal cells would best be described as a(n) ________. A) second messenger B) exocrine C) paracrine D Answer: C 73) Which of the following is NOT a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus? A) induces secretory activity B) alters plasma membrane pe C) stimulates production of an action potential D) activates or deactivates enz Answer: C 74) Which of the following hormones suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure? A) gastrin B) secretin C) aldosterone D Answer: D 75) Which of the following is NOT a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus? A) direct control of the nervous system B) stimulation of mitosis C) an increase in enzyme synthesis D) a change in membrane pote Answer: A 76) The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependen A) the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ B) the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ C) the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path D) nothingall hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types are powerful and nonspecific Answer: A 77) Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pitu mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the A) general circulatory system B) hepatic portal system C) hypophyseal portal system D) feedback loop Answer: C 78) The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is NOT a true endocrine gland because ________. A) it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal r B) it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for r C) embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functi D) it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural s location Answer: B 9 79) Steroid hormones exert their action by ________. A) binding cell receptors and initiating cAMP activity B) activating the hypothalamic release of regulating hormones C) entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene D) entering the cell and activating mitochondrial DNA Answer: C 80) The second- messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________. A) altering gene expression in the nuclear DNA B) synthesizing more than one hormone at a time C) increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ D) binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP Answer: D 81) Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because ________. A) the protein kinases are rapidly metabolized into functional amino acids B) there are thousands of receptors on the cell membrane C) the receptors bind to several hormones at the same time D) during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes Answer: D 82) Which of the following statements is true of amino acid- based hormones? A) They cross the plasma membrane. B) They are lipid soluble. C) They require a receptor in the plasma membrane. D) They are synthesized from cholesterol. Answer: C 83) Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to _____ A) steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells B) growth hormone, because the thyroid works synergistically with thyroid hormone C) insulin, because insulin is a small peptide D) glucagon, because the structure of glucagon is similar to that of thyroid hormone Answer: A 84) Which anterior pituitary hormone does NOT target another endocrine gland? A) growth hormone (GH) B) luteinizing hormone(LH) C) follicle -stimulating hormone (FSH) D) adrenocorticotropic hormo Answer: A 85) One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism? A) neural stimulation B) catabolic inhibition C) humoral stimulation D) protein synthesis Answer: C 86) The major targets of growth hormone are ________. A) the liver and gall bladder C) liver, bones, and skeletal muscles B) the blood vessels D) the thyroid and adrenal gla Answer: C 10 87) Which of the following is NOT a parathyroid gland mechanism to maintain adequate level A) inhibition of calcitonin synthesis B) activation of osteoclasts C) increased intestinal absorption of calcium ions D) increased calcium ion reabsorption by the kidneys Answer: A 88) Which organ is responsible for synthesizing the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)? A) the heart B) the skin C) the spleen D Answer: A 89) Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________. A) cortisol B) testosterone C) epinephrine D Answer: A 90) Leptin is secreted by ________. A) goblet cells B) lymphocytes C) fibroblasts D Answer: D 91) Which of the following is NOT a component of the cyclic AMP signaling mechanism? A) G protein B) steroid C) hormone receptor D Answer: B 92) Which of the following is NOT a steroid- based hormone? A) epinephrine B) aldosterone C) estrogen D Answer: A 93) The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is ________. A) thyroid hormone B) parathyroid hormone C) gonadotropic hormones D) calcitonin Answer: B 94) Hormones that bind to plasma proteins ________. A) are usually synthesized from cholesterol C) are usually water soluble B) must also bind to plasma m D) are usually made of amino Answer: A 95) Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus ________. A) travel by arteries to the pituitary B) enter venous circulation and travel to the heart, which pumps the hormone- containin pituitary C) first enter into the hypophyseal portal system D) enter the hepatic portal system, which feeds the pituitary Answer: C 96) The effect of a hormone on a target cell may be decreased by the presence of ________. A) plasma membrane receptors C) antagonistic hormones B) permissive hormones D) synergistic hormones Answer: C 11 97) Aldosterone ________. A) presence increases potassium concentration in the blood B) functions to increase sodium reabsorption C) production is greatly influenced by ACTH D) is secreted by the posterior pituitary Answer: B 98) Which of the following is NOT a step in thyroxine (T4) production? A) the binding of iodine to tyrosines in the colloid B) the production of thyroglobulin by follicular cells C) the diffusion of iodide from blood plasma into the follicular cell D) the linking of two diiodotyrosine (DIT) molecules in the colloid Answer: C 99) In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the D will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. Th ________. A) up- regulation B) sensitivity increase C) cellular affinity D Answer: A 100) A release of parathyroid hormone (PTH) will trigger ________. A) increased osteoblast activity B) increased activation of vitamin D by the kidney C) a drop in blood calcium levels D) a reduction of calcium reabsorption in the kidney tubules Answer: B 101) A man has been told that he is NOT synthesizing enough follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this prob A) FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes. B) The man must be producing progesterone, which inhibits the synthesis of FSH. C) FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian cells; therefore, it is not synthesized by m D) A hormone made in the anterior pituitary cannot influence fertility. Answer: A 102) Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormon following statements is true concerning this difference? A) It is a stimulant of cellular metabolism and targets all cells. B) It does not require a second messenger to cause a response. C) It causes positive feedback. D) It is very specific in the cell type it targets. Answer: B 103) How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress? A) by releasing the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for the stress response B) by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pr C) by decreasing the heart rate, thus decreasing blood pressure D) by stimulating the pancreas to release insulin Answer: B 12 104) What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid- based hormones? A) chlorine B) calcium C) iron D Answer: B 105) John tells you that cholesterol is bad and should be eliminated from your diet. You explain cholesterol is important. Which of the following hormones is synthesized from cholesterol? A) testosterone B) thyroxine C) growth hormone D Answer: A 106) Which hormone has only one known effect: to stimulate milk production by the breasts? A) progesterone B) prolactin C) estrogen D Answer: B 107) Which of the following is correctly matched? A) zona fasciculata — mineralocorticoids B) zona reticularis — gonadocorticoids C) zona glomerulosa — epinephrine and norepinephrine D) adrenal medulla — glucocorticoids Answer: B 108) The parathyroid glands respond to which type of stimulus? A) positive B) hormonal C) neural D Answer: D 109) Dave has discovered a new lipid- soluble hormone. Which of the following is true regardin A) will likely act through a second- messenger system B) receptor will be located on the plasma membrane C) will be bound to a transport protein in the blood D) can be stored in secretory vesicles Answer: C 110) During an afternoon class, Lisa starts to feel hungry and worries that her blood sugar level Which hormone is helping to prevent a drop in blood sugar level? A) insulin B) aldosterone C) thyroxine D Answer: D 111) Upon landing at the airport in Lagos, Nigeria, Eric feels wide awake even though the local synthetic hormone supplement could he administer to help adjust to the new time zone? A) glucagon B) melatonin C) insulin D Answer: B 112) At age 85, Lyle's immune system does not respond to vaccines as well as it did when he wa atrophy of which endocrine gland is likely responsible for this? A) anterior pituitary B) adrenal C) thymus D Answer: C 13 113) Johanna, a 7- year- old girl, is significantly shorter than normal for her age. Her doctor recom with a hormone before her growth plates ossify in her long bones. Which hormone is recom A) growth hormone B) thyroid stimulating hormon C) cortisol D) parathyroid hormone Answer: A 114) As a result of stress, the anterior pituitary releases ________, which stimulates release of ho adrenal cortex that retain sodium and water, increase blood sugar, and begin breaking dow A) ADH B) ACTH C) growth hormone D) thyroid stimulating hormon Answer: B 115) Melatonin ________. A) is responsible for regulating the sleep cycle C) is produced by the parathyroid glands B) triggers sexual maturation D) is at its highest levels at aro Answer: A 116) Glucagon ________. A) is considered a hypoglycemic hormone B) triggers gluconeogenesis C) triggers the conversion of glucose into glycogen D) stimulates the absorption of glucose from the blood Answer: B 117) Which of the following is NOT a typical result of a long- term stress response? A) loss of muscle mass B) decreased production of gl C) impaired immune function D) elevated blood pressure Answer: B SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the qu 118) Compare the structure and function of endocrine and exocrine glands. Answer: Endocrine glands are ductless glands that release hormones into the surrounding hormones diffuse into the blood to be transported to target cells throughout the bo have ducts through which products (such as sweat or saliva) are released to a mem 119) Why should the hypothalamus instead of the anterior pituitary be called the "master endoc Answer: Although the anterior pituitary produces hormones that regulate other endocrine hypothalamus controls anterior pituitary activity through releasing and inhibiting 120) Why would one NOT expect to continue increasing in height with age? Answer: The amount of growth hormone secreted declines with age and the closure of the prohibits further growth in length of the long bones. 121) A woman with excessive body hair, a deep voice, and an enlarged clitoris shows the outwa which hormonal dysfunction? 14 122) A person who drinks a lot of alcoholic beverages must urinate frequently. Why? Answer: The function of ADH is to increase water reabsorption in the kidneys, producing Alcohol inhibits ADH secretion, causing copious urine output. 123) What is the role of hormone producing cells found within the heart? Answer: In response to high blood pressure, a few cardiac cells secrete atrial natriuretic pep helps regulate salt output by the kidney. In the kidney, ANP inhibits sodium ion r release. In the adrenal cortex, ANP inhibits secretion of aldosterone. These effects and blood pressure. 124) List three factors that target cell activation depends on, after the hormone binds to the recep Answer: Interaction depends on (1) blood levels of the hormone, (2) relative numbers of re hormone on or in the target cells, and (3) the affinity (strength) of the binding betw the receptor. 125) Glucagon and insulin both target the cells of the liver and are both made in the pancreas, ye different effects on the cells they target. What accounts for this fact? Answer: Glucagon and insulin use different cell surface receptors. 126) Explain how parathyroid hormone (PTH) acts to increase blood calcium ion levels. Answer: Parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoclasts (bone resorbing cells) to liberate calci blood. PTH also increases calcium reabsorption by the kidneys as well as calcium intestine through promotion of vitamin D activation. 127) List the four mechanisms involved in the regulation of aldosterone secretion. Answer: The four mechanisms are: (1) the renin- angiotensin mechanism, (2) plasma conce potassium ions, (3) control exerted by ACTH, and (4) plasma concentration of atri 128) What is the difference between autocrines and paracrines? Answer: Autocrines are self- regulating chemical messengers because their target is the cell manufactured. Paracrines are chemical messengers that act locally. They tend to a immediately around them. 129) Define synergism in hormone interaction at target cells and give an example. Answer: Synergism occurs when more than one hormone produces the same effects at the combined effects are amplified. For example, the liver will release glucose in the p epinephrine. If both hormones are present, the amount of glucose released is incre 130) While visiting another country, you notice many individuals with iodine- deficiency goiters feedback loop responsible for these goiters. Answer: Upon detecting low levels of thyroid hormone in the blood, the hypothalamus use to signal to the anterior pituitary to produce thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). ramp up production of thyroid hormone in the thyroid gland. Iodine is required f hormone. Lack of iodine causes the continued effort by the thyroid to increase pro hypothalamus continues to stimulate TSH production. 15 ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 131) Mrs. James appeared at the clinic complaining of extreme nervousness and sweating, sayin and hear her heart thumping when she tried to sleep at night. She was found to have a seve fluctuating blood pressure. Although laboratory testing revealed hyperglycemia and increa rate, tests of thyroid function were normal. What is your diagnosis? What treatment should Answer: The diagnosis is hypersecretion of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephri from a rare chromaffin cell tumor called a pheochromocytoma. Treatment is surgi tumor. 132) Mr. Sanchez makes an appointment to see his doctor for pain in his abdominal area. Tests a kidney stones as well as bones with a moth- eaten appearance. Physical exam reveals hypo hypotonia (weakness). What is the problem and what treatment would be recommended? Answer: The problem is hyperparathyroidism resulting from a parathyroid gland tumor. T removal of the tumor. 133) It was often rumored that one of our deceased presidents was suffering from Addison's dis synthesis of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids). What symptoms may have led to the d condition? Answer: Low body weight, low plasma glucose and sodium levels, high potassium levels, dehydration, and hypotension might all have been observed in the patient. 134) Following workup for symptoms of decreased libido and erectile dysfunction, a patient is t is hypersecreting prolactin. Is there need for concern about this young man? Answer: Yes; there should be great concern, because hypersecretion of prolactin will lead t 135) The parents of a 17- year- old boy are concerned about his height because he is only 5 feet ta close to 6 feet tall. After tests by their doctor, a certain hormone is prescribed for the boy. W diagnosis, and what hormone was prescribed? Why might the child still expect to reach his Answer: The diagnosis is insufficient growth hormone. The prescription is synthetic growt the child might reach his growth potential is that the epiphyseal plates of the long closed, allowing additional growth of the long bones. 136) John is a 26- year- old man who begins to notice a progressive enlargement of feet, hands, c lower jaw bone. His doctor recommends a pituitary gland operation. What is the most likel Answer: The diagnosis is acromegaly. The condition results from excess secretion of growt pituitary gland postpuberty and after the epiphyseal plates of the long bones have 137) Explain how antidiuretic hormone can help regulate an abnormal increase in solute concen extracellular fluid. Answer: The release of antidiuretic hormone can regulate an increase in solute concentratio reabsorption of water by the kidney. With reabsorption, blood water volume incr concentration. 138) What is the most important nursing intervention when caring for a patient with Cushing's s Answer: Because of enhanced anti- inflammatory effects, infections may become overwhel Therefore, the nurse should warn the patient to avoid shaving nicks and other sou 16 139) A 25- year- old male was admitted to the medical/surgical unit with a blood glucose of 600 assessment, the nurse observed his breathing was deep and rapid, and his breath smelled o was flushed and his skin was dry. His pH was low. Describe the physiological response tha Answer: In severe cases of diabetes mellitus, blood levels of fatty acids and their metabolite fatty acid metabolites, collectively called ketones, are strong organic acids. When than they are used or excreted, the blood pH drops, resulting in ketoacidosis, and into the urine. The nervous system responds by initiating rapid deep breathing to dioxide from the blood and increase pH. 140) Thomas is a diabetic. While at work, he began to tremble, was somewhat disoriented, and s to that of a drunk. One of his colleagues gave him some hard candy, which seemed to help functions. Why? Was this a proper action, considering that Thomas is diabetic? Answer: Thomas was suffering from hypoglycemia. The low blood sugar level affected his appearance of being drunk. The candy raised his blood sugar back up to a normal proper action because he was hypoglycemic; the brain needs constant glucose lev 17