Ch. 2 Test Questions

Ch. 2 Test Questions 1. A pilus is a hair. 2. Basal cell carcinoma initially affects cells of the stratum germinativum. 3. Glands that have branched ducts and secretory cells that form sacs at one end of the ducts are classified as compound acinar glands. 4. The pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the bronchi in smokers may transform into stratified squamous epithelium . This is an example of metaplasia. 5. Tactile cells are associated with the sense of touch. 6. Looking at a slide of axillary skin under the microscope, you notice the presence of apocrine glands that are absent on slide of the scalp. 7. The hypodermis is characterized by an abundance of adipose tissue. 8. Although all cells synthesize phospholipids, there are no genes for phospholipids. 9. Hemophilia is caused by a sex-linked recessive allele. This means that a son who has hemophilia inherited the allele from his mother. 10. Each hair grows in an oblique epithelial tube called a hair follicle. 11. An epithelium whose cells are tall and narrow, with each one touching the basement membrane and reaching the apical surface, is called the simple columnar epithelium. 12. Hydroxyapatite is an inorganic component of the bone matrix. 13. Pallor skin color is most likely to result from anemia. 14. Variations in hair color arise from differing amounts of eumelanin and pheomelanin. 15. Lanugo is the type of hair present prenatally and usually replaced by birth. 16. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGS) help give the ground substance some of its qualities, including holding water and maintaining electrolyte balance. 17. A protractor is not a component of tissue engineering. Textbook Review 4.2 Genes and Protein synthesis - The definition of gene; how genes relate to the amino acid sequence of proteins; why it cannot be said that every gene codes for protein structure; and why not every protein is encoded by its own unique gene. - Gene - an information containing segment of DNA that codes for the production of a molecule of RNA that plays a role in synthesizing one or more proteins. - Amino acid sequence of a protein is determined by the nucleotide sequence in the DNA. - Definition of Genome, Genomics, and Genomic medicine - - Genome - All the DNA in one 23-chromosome set - 46 human chromosomes come in two sets of 23 chromosomes - 3.1 billion nucleotide pairs in human genome - One set of 23 chromosomes came from each parent Genomics - Study of the whole genome and how its genes and noncoding DNA interact to affect structure and function of the whole organism. - Genomic medicine - Application of knowledge of the genome to the prediction, diagnosis, and treatment of disease. - The organization of nucleotides into DNA triplets; how these relate to but differ from the codons of mRNA; the number of codons; and stop codons and their function. - - How the genetic code relates mRNA codons to protein structure? - During translation, which is the second major step in gene expression, the mRNA is "read" according to the genetic code, which relates the DNA Chapter 5 - 5.1 the study of tissues - The roles of cells, matrix, fibers and ground in tissue composition, and - Primary germs layers of the embryo and their relationship to mature how these terms relate to each other tissues - How and why tissues are prepared as stained histological sections; the three common planes of section; and some ways that tissues are prepared other than sectioning - 5.2 Epithelial tissues - Characteristics that distinguish epithelium from the other 3 types of tissue classes - Functions of the basement membrane and its relationship to epithelium - 4 types of simple epithelium and the appearance,functions, and - Defining characteristics of a stratified epithelium - 4 types of stratified epithelium and the appearance,functions, and representative locations of each representative locations of each - Distinctions between keratinized and nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium , including difference in histology, locations, and functions - - The special protective property and mechanism of transitional epithelium - Epithelium exfoliation and its clinical relevance 5.3 Connective Tissues - Characteristics that distinguish connective tissue from the other 3 primary tissue classes - Functions of connective tissue - Cell types found in fibrous connective tissue, and the functions of each - Fiber types found in fibrous connective tissue, their composition, and the - The compositions and variations in the ground substance of fibrous functions of each connective tissue - The appearance, functions, and locations of areolar, reticular, dense - The appearance, functions, and locations of adipose tissue, including the irregular/ regular connective tissue differences between white and brown fat - Defining characteristics of cartilage as a class; the 3 types of cartilage and how they differ in histology, function and location; the relationship to the perichondrium to cartilage; and where perichondrium is absent - Defining characteristics of osseous tissue as a class; the distinction between spongy and compact bone; and the relationship of the periosteum to bone - The appearance of cross sections of compact bone - Why blood is classified as connective tissue; the term for its matrix; and the major categories of formed elements in the blood - 5.4 Nervous and Muscular Tissues - Why nervous and muscular tissue are called excitable tissues even tho excitability is a property of all living cells - - The 2 basic types of cells in nervous tissue and their functional differences - The general structure of neurons - Defining characteristics of muscular tissue as a class - 3 types of muscles and how they differ in histology, function, and location 5.5 Cell Junction, Glands, and Membranes - The general function of cell junctions - Differences in the structure and function of tight junction, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, and gap junctions - The definition of a gland and the 2 basic functions of a gland - The developmental, structural, and functional distinctions between exocrine and endocrine glands; examples of each; and why some glands cannot be strictly classified into one category or the other - Examples of unicellular glands in both the exocrine and endocrine categories - General histology of a typical exocrine gland - The scheme for classifying exocrine glands according to the anatomy of their duct system and their distribution of secretory cells - Differences between serous, mucous, and mixed glands, and examples of - Comparison of the mode of secretion of merocrine, apocrine, and each holocrine glands - The variety of serous, mucous, and other membranes in the body, and name some specialized membranes of the skin, blood vessels, and joints - 5.6 Tissue Growth, Development, Repair, and Degeneration - Differences between hyperplasia, hypertrophy, and neoplasia as normal - Differences between differentiation and metaplasia as modes of and pathological modes of tissue growth transportation from one tissue to another - What stem cells are and how they relate to developmental plasticity; differences between embryonic and adult stem cells; and differences between totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, and unipotent stem cells - Differences between regeneration and fibrosis as modes of tissue repair - Steps in the healing of a wound such as a cut in the skin - The general meaning of tissue atrophy and 2 forms or causes of atrophy - Differences between necrosis and apoptosis as modes of cell death and tissue shrinkage; some normal functions of apoptosis - Varieties of necrosis including infarction, dry gangrene, and gas gangrene Chapter 6 - 6.1 The Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue - The name of the branch of medicine that deals with the integumentary system - - Dermatology The difference between the terms integumentary system and integument; organs that belong to the integumentary system - - Cutaneous glands, hair, dermis, and epidermis The 2 principal layers of the skin, and the name of the connective tissue layer that lies between the skin and the deeper muscle or other tissue - Epidermis and dermis - Hypodermis is a layer directly below the dermis and serves to connect the skin to the underlying fascia (fibrous tissue) surrounding the muscles - Normal thickness of the skin, and the differences in histology and location between thick and thin skin - 5 layers of thick skin and only 4 layers in thin skin - Thick skin is only found in areas where there is a lot of abrasion => fingertips, palms and the soles of your feet - - Functions of the skin - - Thin skin is found everywhere else protection, regulation and sensation 5 histological layers of thick skin and which of them is lacking in thin skin - stratum basale, stratum spinosum,stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum - The stratum lucidum layer is absent in thin skin - 5 kinds of epidermal cells, their respective functions, and the epidermal layers in which they occur - - stem cells - keratinocytes - melanocytes - tactile (merkel cells) - dendritic (langerhans cells) The life history of a keratinocyte from the time it is