Basic Energy Concepts

Chapter 5-02 Due: 10:59pm on Tuesday, November 30, 2021 You will receive no credit for items you complete after the assignment is due. Grading Policy Basic Energy Concepts Click the image below to listen to the MP3 Tutor Session. You can also download the MP3 or view the text of the tutor session to read while you are listening. Estimated time: 8 minutes, 47 seconds. After you have listened to the tutor session, answer the questions. Part A Energy is conserved. This means that in any system, _____. ANSWER: high-quality energy input equals high-quality energy output total energy input equals total energy output light energy is released to replace the original input of solar energy energy is constantly recycled Correct Part B Kinetic energy is energy in motion. Potential energy is _____ energy. ANSWER: heat solar electromagnetic stored Correct Part C Which of the following is highest in chemical energy? ANSWER: one molecule of H2 one molecule of glucose one molecule of CO2 one molecule of ATP Correct Part D In cellular respiration, most energy is released and transferred to ATP when _____. ANSWER: high-energy electrons "fall" to lower energy levels low-energy electrons are "raised" to higher energy levels low-energy C-H bonds in glucose are broken high-energy C-C and C-H bonds in glucose are broken Correct Connecting the Concepts: Energy Can you complete this concept map that reviews the basic concepts of energy? Part A Drag the terms to the appropriate locations on the concept map. ANSWER: Reset kinetic potential motion chemical energy entropy first law of thermodynamics Correct Figure Walkthrough: Energy Transformations in a Car and in a Cell Watch this video and then answer the questions. second law of thermodynamics heat Help Part A The figure shows how cellular respiration is similar to combustion in a car. Can you identify the inputs, outputs, and processes? Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on the figure. Blue labels represent processes, and pink labels represent inputs and outputs. Pink labels may be used more than once. ANSWER: Reset Heat energy Heat energy Combustion Glucose Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide Water Oxygen Water Oxygen Heat energy Cellular respiration ATP Carbon dioxide Glucose ATP Oxygen Correct Part B How are combustion and cellular respiration different? ANSWER: Combustion produces heat, but cellular respiration does not. Cellular respiration requires oxygen, but combustion does not. Cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide and water, but combustion does not. Cellular respiration breaks down sugar, and combustion breaks down octane. Water Help Correct The energy-rich molecules that are broken down are different in combustion and cellular respiration, but both processes require oxygen and produce carbon dioxide, water, and heat. Energy in cellular respiration is also captured to make ATP. Part C What is the function of ATP? ANSWER: It is a waste product of cellular respiration. It is a form of heat. It provides energy for cellular work. It stores kinetic energy. Correct The potential energy in ATP can be used in a variety of ways, such as powering movement, synthesis of molecules, and transport of materials. Visualizing the Data: Consuming and Burning Calories Calories are a standard unit of energy. They describe both how much energy is contained in food, and how much energy is burned by bodily activities. Explore the interactive figure to compare different foods and different activities to see how many calories each contains or burns. Then answer the questions. Part A Of the listed foods, which one has the fewest calories? ANSWER: fries garden salad with ranch dressing egg orange Correct Of the foods listed in this figure, an orange contains the fewest calories. Part B If you ate two slices of pepperoni pizza and wish to burn off all the calories, how long would you have to ride your bike to achieve that? ANSWER: 28 minutes 45 minutes 56 minutes 280 minutes Correct A single slice of pepperoni pizza contains 280 Calories. To burn 280 Calories on your bike, you would have to ride for 28 minutes. Therefore, you would have to ride for twice that long—56 minutes—to burn off the calories from two slices of pepperoni pizza. Part C Imagine you eat an extra serving of fries every day for a week but don’t increase your activity level. Knowing that an extra 3,500 Calories results in a weight gain of one pound, how would this additional food affect your weight? ANSWER: 3,500 pounds 1 pound 3.50 pounds It cannot be determined from the information given. Correct Each serving of fries contains 500 Calories. Consuming an extra serving for 7 days = 500 7 = 3,500 Calories = 1 extra pound. Part D If you ate one cheeseburger and wish to burn off all the calories, which of the listed activities would accomplish that the fastest? ANSWER: jumping rope running walking swimming Correct Of the activities listed in the figure, jumping rope burns calories the fastest, taking 30 minutes to burn off the calories in a cheeseburger. Part E Which of the following foods is correctly matched with an activity that would burn all the calories it contains? Select all that apply. ANSWER: 2 oranges and 16 minutes of walking 1 cheeseburger and 66 minutes of playing baseball 3 slices of pepperoni pizza and 75 minutes of running 2 oranges and 8 minutes of walking 1 slice of pepperoni pizza and 75 minutes of running Correct By comparing different foods and activities, you can get a sense of how long you’d have to maintain each type of exercise to burn off the equivalent calories in each food. Activity: Chemical Reactions and ATP Click here to complete this activity. Then answer the questions. Part A In this reaction _____. ANSWER: the products have been rearranged to form reactants AC is a reactant CD is a product the products have less potential energy than the reactants entropy has decreased Correct This is what is shown by the graph. Part B In this reaction _____. ANSWER: heat has been released to the environment disorder has decreased the chemical energy of the products is greater than that of the reactants entropy has decreased the kinetic energy of the reactants is less than that of the products Correct The potential energy of the products is less than that of the reactants. Part C The reaction A --> B + C + heat is released in a(n) _____ reaction. ANSWER: dehydration synthesis exergonic endergonic exchange anabolic Correct Energy has been released. Part D A(n) _____ reaction occurs spontaneously. ANSWER: kinetic endergonic exergonic chemical anabolic Correct In exergonic reactions the products have less potential energy than the reactants. Part E Which of these reactions requires a net input of energy from its surroundings? ANSWER: exergonic hydrolysis ATP --> ADP + P catabolic endergonic Correct The products of endergonic reactions have more potential energy than the reactants. Part F In cells, what is usually the immediate source of energy for an endergonic reaction? ANSWER: sugar as spontaneous reactions, endergonic reactions do not need an addition of energy ADP glucose ATP Correct The hydrolysis of ATP provides the energy needed for an endergonic reaction. Part G The reaction ADP + P --> ATP is a(n) _____ reaction. ANSWER: hydrolysis exergonic chemical endergonic spontaneous Correct Energy has been acquired from the surroundings. Part H The energy for an endergonic reaction comes from a(n) _____ reaction. ANSWER: anabolic synthesis exergonic ADP + P --> ATP glucose + glucose --> maltose Correct The energy released by an exergonic reaction can be used to drive an endergonic reaction. Part I What is the fate of the phosphate group that is removed when ATP is converted to ADP? ANSWER: It is used to convert an ATP into an AQP. It is acquired by a reactant in an endergonic reaction. It is broken down into one phosphorus and four oxygen atoms. It is acquired by a reactant in an exergonic reaction. It is acquired by a reactant in a spontaneous reaction. Correct By acquiring the phosphate group the reactant acquires energy. Part J This graph illustrates a(n) _____ reaction. ANSWER: endergonic hydrolysis exergonic spontaneous catabolic Correct The products contain more potential energy than the reactants. Part K Select the INCORRECT association. ANSWER: exergonic ... spontaneous enzyme ... protein kinetic energy ... motion potential energy ... positional energy exergonic ... uphill Correct Exergonic reactions release energy. Part L What is energy coupling? ANSWER: a description of the energetic relationship between the reactants and products in an exergonic reaction a barrier to the initiation of a reaction the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP + P the use of an enzyme to reduce EA the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction Correct This is energy coupling. Activity: How Enzymes Work Click here to complete this activity. Then answer the questions. Part A Most enzymes are _____. ANSWER: proteins lipids carbohydrates minerals nucleic acids Correct Most enzymes are proteins. Part B Enzymes work by _____. ANSWER: increasing the potential energy difference between reactant and product reducing activation energy decreasing the potential energy difference between reactant and product adding energy to a reaction adding a phosphate group to a reactant Correct Enzymes work by reducing the energy of activation. Part C An enzyme _____. ANSWER: increases the the activation energy of a reaction is a source of energy for endergonic reactions can bind to nearly any molecule is a inorganic catalyst is an organic catalyst Correct Enzymes are proteins that behave as catalysts. Part D What name is given to the reactants in an enzymatically catalyzed reaction? ANSWER: products substrate active sites reactors Correct This is the name given to the reactants in an enzymatically catalyzed reaction. Part E As a result of its involvement in a reaction, an enzyme _____. ANSWER: loses a phosphate group permanently alters its shape. is used up loses energy is unchanged Correct Enzymes are not changed as a result of their participation in a reaction. Part F What is the correct label for "A"? ANSWER: substrate energy ATP uphill enzyme energy energy of activation Correct The energy of activation must be overcome in order for a reaction to proceed. Building Vocabulary: Enzymes Can you place each word in the appropriate sentence? Part A Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. ANSWER: Reset Help The specific location within an enzyme molecule where the substrate binds is called the active site . Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy , which allows the reaction to proceed much more quickly. The induced fit between an active site and its substrate often strains bonds and helps the reaction proceed. During an enzymatic reaction, a molecule of substrate binds to the enzyme and is broken down into one or more molecules of product , which are released. Lactose takes years to break down on its own. But if exposed to the protein lactase, the reaction proceeds very quickly, while lactase itself remains unchanged. Lactase is an example of a(n) enzyme . A(n) inhibitor is a molecule that can bind to an enzyme and prevent the enzyme from working. An enzyme is considered a(n) catalyst because it speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up. High temperatures or changes in pH can denature an enzyme, causing it to lose its shape and biological activity. Correct Interpreting Data: Enzymes and Chemical Reactions This graph illustrates the course of a chemical reaction with and without an enzyme. While the products and reactants are the same, the presence of an enzyme changes the amount of energy required for the reaction to begin. Part A - Interpreting the graph Which curve shows the course of the reaction in the presence of an enzyme--the black curve or the red curve? Which line represents the activation energy for that reaction-a, b, or c? ANSWER: black curve; line a black curve; line b black curve; line c red curve; line a red curve; line b red curve; line c Correct Part B - Thinking critically Use the graph and your knowledge of enzymes to identify the three true statements about enzymes. ANSWER: Reactants cannot convert to products without an initial input of energy to start the reaction. Only reactions that are controlled by enzymes require activation energy. Chemical reactions cannot occur without enzymes. Enzymes lower the overall energy input needed for a reaction to occur. By binding to reactant molecules, enzymes make it easier for the bonds in the molecules to break apart. Correct For a chemical reaction to begin, chemical bonds in the reactant molecules must be broken. This process requires that the molecules absorb energy from their surroundings. The energy that must be invested to start a reaction is called activation energy because it activates the reactants and triggers the chemical reaction. Enzymes enable metabolism to occur by reducing the amount of activation energy required to break the bonds of reactant molecules. Everyday Biology: How to Keep Your Cool Watch the Everyday Biology video, read the accompanying essay, and then answer the questions below. On Tuesday July 31, 2001, the Minnesota Vikings football team was on the field for another day of practice at their summer training camp. The temperature rose to 91°F, but with the high humidity the heat index was nearly 110°F. Korey Stringer, a 27-year-old offensive tackle on the team, complained of breathing problems and began vomiting. He was rushed to the hospital with a core body temperature of 108°F. He died early Wednesday morning, leaving behind a wife and a 3-year-old son. Korey Stringer died of heat stroke, a condition where the body temperature exceeds 104°F, causing symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and rapid pulse. If not treated in time, heat stroke can lead to death as the body’s organs shut down. Stringer was a professional football player with years of experience on the field. He had been a first round draft pick in 1995 after a standout career at Ohio State University, and was a veteran of hard work and long days of practice on the field. However, even the most experienced athletes are no match for the damage that heat can cause at the molecular level. Unfortunately, we might not even realize we are dangerously close to experiencing heat stroke until it is too late. Heat stroke occurs when body temperature rises to the point where the body’s enzymes lose their three-dimensional shape. These include the enzymes that regulate the heart, the nervous system, and all the other organs and systems in the body. Because the active site of an enzyme must fit over a specific substrate, the three-dimensional shape of the enzyme is critical to its function. If the three-dimensional shape is changed at the molecular level, then the enzyme doesn’t do its job. This change in the shape of the enzyme, and its loss of proper functioning, is called denaturation. Sometimes denaturation is temporary – with some enzymes, you can raise the temperature slightly to denature the enzyme, then cool it back down to restore it to its original shape with no ill effects. But sometimes denaturation is permanent. This is what happens when the proteins in an egg white change from being runny and transparent in a raw egg to being firm and opaque in a fried egg – once you fry an egg, there’s no turning back! When his body temperature climbed above 104°F, Korey Stringer’s enzymes began denaturing, and his organs began to fail. Whether the denaturing of the enzymes was temporary or permanent didn’t matter, as his body temperature stayed too high for too long. Enzymes in the human body work best at normal body temperature, which is around 98.6°F. The body can tolerate some deviation from this temperature without causing any harm. For example, a slight fever can raise the body temperature enough to slow the growth and spread of bacteria that may be causing an infection, giving the body’s immune system time to kill the bacteria. A slight drop in body temperature can affect a person’s ability to move or think clearly, but there are no lasting problems if the body can be quickly warmed back up to its normal temperature. However, extreme hypothermia (a drop in body temperature) or hyperthermia (a rise in body temperature) that lasts too long can denature enzymes to the point where the person can no longer survive. In an effort to prevent more deaths from heat stroke, the researchers at Stanford University developed the cooling system shown in the video. Holding onto the cold metal cone works well because there are so many blood vessels in the palm of the hand. The transfer of heat from the hand to the circulating cold water in the metal cone helps lower the body’s temperature quickly and efficiently. But you might wonder – what is so special about the glove? Why not just stick your hand in ice water to cool down? The problem with that approach is that sticking your hand in ice water causes a physiological response to being cold, where the blood vessels in the hand constrict, reducing blood flow, in order to hold more heat in the body’s core. So there is one more feature of Stanford’s glove system, which was not discussed in the video, but which was the part of the glove that you see being tightened around the wrist. Once the wrist piece is tightened, the gloves have an airtight fit. With the airtight fit, air can be sucked out of the glove to create a vacuum within the glove. The vacuum within the glove helps keep the blood vessels in the hand wide open, maintaining blood circulation in the hand, facilitating the transfer of heat to the metal cone and then to the circulating cold water supply inside the cone. Today, athletes in a variety of sports are using these gloves and similar devices. Someday, devices like these may become commonplace where people who are at risk of heat stroke work and play. Perhaps if they had been available when Korey Stringer was practicing, he might still be alive. Part A Why does the reporter have a tube up his nose? ANSWER: to recycle the water he loses during the test to replace the salts and other ions lost during the test to accurately measure core temperature as a feeding tube to replace lost nutrients Correct Part B The reporter is participating in a study within a room that is heated. Why is he also on a treadmill? ANSWER: Heat stroke only occurs when a person is walking or running. An inactive person’s body temperature does not rise, even if the environment is warm. Heat stroke only happens to athletes, so he must exercise to simulate what happens to heat stroke victims. Exercising causes a faster increase in his core temperature. Correct Part C Why does an enzyme cease to function when it has become denatured? ANSWER: Denaturation breaks down the molecules of the substrate before they can bind to the active site of the enzyme. Denaturation changes the three-dimensional shape of the active site of the enzyme, preventing it from binding to the substrate. Denaturation changes the three-dimensional shape of the substrate molecules, preventing them from binding to the active site on an enzyme. Denaturation causes the substrate molecules to bind so tightly to the enzyme’s active site that the enzyme can no longer interact with other molecules of substrate. Correct Part D Which statement is true about enzymes in the human body? ANSWER: Enzymes in the human body usually work best at normal body temperature. Enzymes in the human body work just as well at any temperature. Enzymes in the human body always work better as the temperature decreases. Enzymes in the human body always work better as the temperature increases. Correct Part E Which of the following is generally true within the human body? ANSWER: A person having a heat stroke has constant blood flow through the heart, but decreased blood flow near the skin and in the extremities. When a person is cold, blood flow near the skin and in the extremities increases. Blood flow near the skin and in the extremities only increases when a person is in a state of heat stroke. When a person is warm, blood flow near the skin and in the extremities increases. Correct Part F Having a low-grade fever of 100° to 102°F is a common side effect of a bacterial infection. Which of the following statements provides the most reasonable explanation for why this could be beneficial? ANSWER: It is doubtful that a change in body temperature would have any effect on the bacteria living inside the body. An increase in body temperature causes enzymes to break down more substrate. An increase in body temperature causes the bacteria to multiply faster within the body, but they do less damage at the higher temperature. An increase in body temperature could denature enzymes in heat-sensitive bacteria without denaturing the enzymes of the person with the infection. Correct Part G Just as heat can denature enzymes, so can a change in the pH. Enzymes that normally work in an acidic environment in the body can become denatured if the pH becomes too alkaline. And enzymes that normally work in alkaline environments in the body can become denatured if the pH becomes too acidic. Taking an antacid to reduce the acidity (and increase the pH) of the stomach and to relieve heartburn can make a person more comfortable. What would be the major drawback to taking too many antacids? ANSWER: Taking too many antacids could make stomach enzymes more powerful. It is doubtful that taking too many antacids could have any negative effect on the body. Taking too many antacids could denature the enzymes that break down food in the stomach. Taking too many antacids can change the way food tastes. Correct Identifying Major Themes – Chapter 5 Part A Can you identify the major theme illustrated by each of the following examples? If necessary, you may review the themes in Chapter 1 of your book. Match the themes on the left with the examples on the right. Not all themes will be used. ANSWER: Reset Help Because all cells have a plasma membrane, it is logical to infer that membranes first developed in the earliest forms of life on Earth. Evolution The region of an enzyme called the active site has the shape and chemistry that fits one specific substrate molecule. Relationship of structure to function Information flow There is more oxygen gas in the air of our lungs than in the blood. Therefore, oxygen moves by passive transport from the air into the bloodstream. Interactions within biological systems ATP energizes other molecules in cells by transferring phosphate groups to those molecules. Pathways that transform energy and matter Correct As you grow in your ability to analyze biological phenomena using themes, you will start to focus on the critical questions that help us understand life. Score Summary: Your score on this assignment is 99.9%. You received 9.99 out of a possible total of 10 points.