Handout Master 9.4 Fill-in-the-Blanks 1. The process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met is known as motivation. 2. Extrinsic motivation is why a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from or external to the person. 3. Instincts are the biologically-determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist in both people and animals. 4. Needs are the biologically-determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist in both people and animals. 5. A psychological tension and physical arousal arising when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension is called a drive. 6. The drive reduction theory approach to motivation assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal. 7. Those drives that involve needs of the body such as hunger and thirst are known as primary drives. 8. Those drives that are learned through experience or conditioning, such as the need for money or social approval are known as acquired secondary drives. 9. Homeostasis is the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state. 10. The need for achievement is a need that involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals, not only realistic ones but also challenging ones. 11. The need for affiliation is the need for friendly social interactions and relationships with others. 12. The need to have control or influence over others is called the need for power. 13. Stimulus motive is a motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity. 14. Arousal theory is the theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation. 15. A sensation seeker is someone who needs more arousal than the average person. 16. The things that attract or lure people into action are called incentives. 17. Self actualization is, according to Maslow, the point that is seldom reached at which people have sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and achieved their full human potential. 18. Peak experiences are, according to Maslow, times in a person’s life during which self-actualization is temporarily achieved. 19. The type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner is called intrinsic motivation. 20. A hormone secreted by the pancreas to control the levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body by reducing the level of glucose in the bloodstream is called insulin. 21. A hormone that is secreted by the pancreas to control the levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body by increasing the level of glucose in the bloodstream is called glucogen. 22. Obesity is a condition in which the body weight of a person is 20 percent or more over the ideal body weight for that person’s height (actual percents vary across definitions). 23. Leptin is a hormone that, when released into the bloodstream, signals the hypothalamus that the body has had enough food and reduces the appetite while increasing the feeling of being full. 24. The “feeling” aspect of consciousness, characterized by a certain physical arousal, a certain behavior that reveals the emotion to the outside world, and an inner awareness of feelings is called emotion. 25. The James-Lange theory states that a physiological reaction leads to the labeling of an emotion. 26. The Cannon-Bard theory states that the physiological reaction and the emotion are assumed to occur at the same time. 27. Theory of emotion in which both the physical arousal and the labeling of that arousal based on cues from the environment must occur before the emotion is experienced is called the cognitive arousal theory. 28. The theory of emotion that assumes that facial expressions provide feedback to the brain concerning the emotion being expressed, which in turn causes and intensifies the emotion, is called the facial feedback hypothesis. 29. Cognitive mediational theory is the theory of emotion in which a stimulus must be interpreted (appraised) by a person in order to result in a physical response and an emotional reaction. Words for Fill-in-the-Blanks acquired secondary drives arousal theory Cannon-Bard theory cognitive arousal theory cognitive-mediational theory common sense theory drive drive-reduction theory emotion extrinsic motivation facial feedback hypothesis glucagon homeostasis incentives instincts insulin intrinsic motivation James-Lange theory leptin motivation needs need for achievement need for affiliation need for power obesity peak experiences primary drives self-actualization sensation seeker stimulus motive