Biology Unit 3 Cell Answer Key

Name ____________________________________ Period ____ Biology Unit #3 – The Cell STUDY GUIDE Essential Skills: 3-1 Be able to identify the differences between a Prokaryote & Eukaryote cell and Plant & Animal cell. 3-2 Be able to explain how the following organelles function: Nucleus, Ribosome, Chloroplast, Mitochondria, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus. (HS-LS1-2, 5 & 7) 3-3 Be able to give an example of a specialized type of animal cell and relate its structure to the type of tissue, organ and organ system that it is found in. (HS-LS1-2) 3-4 Be able to explain the differences between Active vs. Passive transport and the process of Diffusion & Osmosis. (HS-LS1-3) Review Questions: 1. What are the 5 characteristics of life? Why are cells the basic unit of life? Cells, Homeostasis, Reproduction, Metabolism, DNA; Without cells, the other 4 characteristics would not occur. 2. What macromolecules make up the cell membrane? Explain each of their uses in the membrane. Lipids – phospholipids make up the majority of the cell membrane; Proteins – used as channels, pumps and markers; Carbohydrates – used for cell identification and molecule attachment. 3. List at least 4 differences and 2 similarities between Prokaryote and Eukaryote cells. Both cells have DNA and a Cell Membrane; Prokaryotes are very small, single-celled, have no organelles and no nucleus. 4. Identify common examples of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes in everyday life. Why do you think a virus can not be classified as a prokaryote or a eukaryote? Prokaryotes are bacteria. Eukaryotes are plants and animals. Viruses are DNA surrounded in a protein “coat” – they can only reproduce once they invade and take over another cell. 5. What are the functions of the following organelles? a. mitochondria – provide energy f. Lysosomes -recycler b. ribosome –make proteins g. Cytoskeleton- support c. endoplasmic reticulum – transport proteins inside the cell h. Nucleus– holds DNA d. Golgi apparatus– package proteins for export i. Nucleolus– makes ribosomes e. Vacuole – storage 6. What are the 3 differences between plant cells and animal cells? Explain each of their functions. Plant cells have: Cell wall for support; Chloroplast for photosynthesis; Large central vacuole for water storage. 7. Which 3 organelles are used in 1.) producing, 2.) packaging, and 3.) transporting proteins out of the cell? Ribosomes produce, ER transports and Golgi Apparatus packages and exports proteins out of the cell. 8. How are the functions of the Mitochondria and Chloroplasts related to each other? How are they different? Both produce energy for the cell. Chlorplasts use sunlight to create sugar for energy storage; Mitochondria burns the sugar for energy use. 9. Identification: Identify cells 1-3 as a Prokaryote, Plant or Animal Cell. Identify the organelles. Cell Wall Nucleus Cell membrane Nucleolus Cytoplasm Mitochondria Chloroplast Cytoplasm DNA Nucleus Ribosomes Cell Membrane Vacuole Eukaryote - Animal Cell Prokaryote Eukaryote – Plant Cell 10. Draw a picture showing the structure of a cell membrane. Label the phospholipids, hydrophilic & hydrophobic portions and 2 types of membrane proteins. Hydrophilic = water loving – Head of phospholipid; Hydrophobic = water fearing – tails of phospholipid; Integral proteins extend all the way through membrane and peripheral proteins are only on the sides. (See figure 3-15 on p. 58) 11. Why is the cell membrane described as . . . a. selectively permeable – allows some things in, other things out b. lipid bi-layer – 2 layers of phospholipids that make cell membrane c. fluid-mosiac – moveable combination of lipids, proteins and carbs. 12. Draw a picture that illustrates diffusion. Give 3 examples of diffusion experienced in everyday life. Fingers getting “pruney” when swimming; smelling aromas across a room; Drinking salt water. Oxygen diffusing into blood. (see Figure 5-1 on p. 95) 13. Complete the following chart showing methods of transport in/out of the cell. Define each term. I. Passive Transport = II. Active Transport = 1. Diffusion = PT of any molecule 1. Protein Pumps = AT by use of membrane proteins 2. Osmosis = PT of water 2. Endocytosis = bringing large particles INTO the cell by engulfing. 3. Facilitated Diffusion = PT of large or charged molecules through channel proteins 3. Exocytosis = opposite of Endo – EXIT cell. 14. Why do the size and charge of a molecule affect the molecules ability to diffuse across the cell membrane? Give examples. Large particles cannot get through the small opening in the lipid bi-layer. Charged particles cannot get past the non-polar tails of the phospholipids. 15. Compare and contrast Osmosis vs. Diffusion. Compare and contrast Facilitated Diffusion vs. Protein Pumps. OS & DIFF – Passive transport, but osmosis only moves water; FAC. DIFF & PUMPS – both use membrane proteins, but pumps are for active transport and Fac. Diff. Is passive 16. Draw a picture showing how endocytosis occurs. Under what circumstance would a cell need to perform endocytosis? Exocytosis? Endocytosis occurs when large particles must be brought into the cell, such as white blood cells engulfing bacteria. Exocytosis is a way to get large amounts of proteins out of a cell. (See Figure 5-7 on p. 103 & Figure 5-8 on p. 104) 17. Draw diagrams showing cells in hypertonic, isotonic and hypotonic solutions. Show concentrations in & out of cell, and draw an arrow showing the direction water will move. Hypertonic = more “stuff” in solution; water moves out of cell: Hypotonic = less “stuff” in solution; water moves in: Isotonic = equal (See Table 5-1 on p. 97) 18. If a cell was soaked in corn syrup which direction would water move? If it was soaked in pure water which direction would it move? Why? Corn syrup solution was hypertonic, water moved out; Water solution was hypotonic, water moved in. 19. Using the terms diffusion, molecules, and concentration gradient, explain how you can smell the perfume/cologne of someone who is spraying it on themselves on the other side of the locker room. The perfume molecules are high in concentration where the perfume/cologne was sprayed. The molecules will spread out to areas of low concentration, moving down the concentration gradient. This process is called diffusion. 20. Most fertilizers are applied in the form of salts. Why can too much fertilizer be harmful to plants? Creates a hypertonic solution causing water to leave the cell. 21. Identify the following structures that would be found within the circulatory system: a. Organs – heart, blood vessels b. Tissues – epithelial tissue, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, connective tissue (blood & loose connective tissue), nervous tissue c. Types of specialized cells – epethial cells, muscle cells, blood cells, nerve cells (neurons)