Human Biology 245 Unit 5 Exam Review

The Payment for Environmental Services Act (PSA) was designed to protect forests and their services. How did Costa Rica fund the PSA? The PSA was funded mostly through taxes on industries that benefited most from the program. As forest cover has been rising due to the PSA, how has per capita income responded? Per capita income increased. Due to the PSA and other conservation efforts, forest cover within Costa Rica has recovered since 1983 to cover how much land today? 53% In 1962 environmental costs amounted to approximately 1 trillion dollars. By 2002 environmental costs had: quadrupled Between 1972 and 1992, GDP increased by approximately 2 trillion dollars. In comparison, GPI: increased only slightly If current manufacturing, consumption, and energy use trends continue, an increase in global population with time will likely result in: A higher GDP and higher environmental costs. Assume that the GDP and benefits for 2012 are the same as GDP and benefits for 2002. If the 2012 environmental costs increase by 100% but the social and economic costs decrease by 50%, the new GPI for 2012 would be: Lower than the GPI in 2002. Which of the following would lead to a GPI value closer to the GDP value for any given year? Adopting manufacturing processes with lower energy and resource use. Which of the following is the most accurate definition of economics? the study of how humans use potentially scarce resources to meet demand The principle that "internal costs," which are the costs and benefits borne by the buyer and seller alone, represent the true and full economics of all transactions is a principle of ________. neoclassical economics External costs include ________. environmental damage By evaluating hundreds of studies that estimated dollar values for major ecosystem services, Robert Costanza and his colleagues have shown that ________. the value of ecosystem services is more than $125 trillion in 2017 dollars Gross domestic product (GDP) is ________. the total monetary value of goods and services produced by a country Which of the following includes volunteer work and damage from pollution in its measure of a country's economic progress and prosperity? GPI Pollution changes the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) How does this occur? GDP goes up when the polluting substance is produced and again when society pays to remove the substance from the environment. What costs are associated with transactions that can result in damage to the environment, human health, and property? external costs In which of the following ways did neoclassical economics contribute to environmental problems? by encouraging society to view the supply of resources as infinite In recent decades, a great deal of scientific research and observation has been funded and published by commercial and corporate interests. Since this science may not have to pass the peer review process and the researchers may have motives for biased reporting, such science could be included in the diagram as ________. lobbying by the private sector Environmental policy aims to ________. promote human welfare and protect natural systems by regulating resource use and reducing pollution Lobbying, legal action, and campaign funding are all means used by ________ to influence governmental environmental policies. the public sector Which of the following best illustrates the tragedy of the commons? A nonprofit organization does a winter clothing drive, and the first people to show up to get winter clothing grab far more than they need, leaving nothing for the families that show up a few minutes later. Enforcement and elaboration of U.S. legislation is given to ________. administrative agencies The first national park in the world was ________. Yellowstone Published in the 1960s, Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring ________. focused on chemical pollutants, including industrial chemicals The social changes in the United States in the 20th century gave rise to environmental laws concerned primarily with ________. reducing pollution caused by industry An environmental impact statement is required ________. for any federal action that may affect U.S. environmental quality Read the following scenario and answer the question(s) below. Wetlands provide a multitude of ecological, economic, and social benefits. They provide habitat for many organisms and are nurseries for many saltwater and freshwater fishes and shellfish. Wetlands also hold and slowly release floodwater and snow melt, recharge groundwater, act as cleansing filters, recycle nutrients, and provide recreation. As of 2000, the contiguous United States was estimated to have about 105 million acres of wetlands remaining. Over the past 60 years, it has lost over 16 million acres of wetlands, and the loss continues at about 58,000 acres annually. Nearly one-third of the loss is due to urban development, with the rest being nearly equally divided between rural development, agriculture, and silviculture (predominantly logging). The southeastern United States is experiencing the greatest losses. The Emergency Wetlands Resources Act (EWRA) of 1986 requires the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to conduct status and trend studies of the nation's wetlands and to report the results to Congress each decade. The overall goal is to have no more net loss of wetlands. EWRA also established Bayou Sauvage National Wildlife Refuge along Lake Pontchartrain in New Orleans, Louisiana. In the United States, wetlands are primarily considered to be ________. important because they provide many valuable ecosystem services Read the following scenario and answer the question(s) below. Wetlands provide a multitude of ecological, economic, and social benefits. They provide habitat for many organisms and are nurseries for many saltwater and freshwater fishes and shellfish. Wetlands also hold and slowly release floodwater and snow melt, recharge groundwater, act as cleansing filters, recycle nutrients, and provide recreation. As of 2000, the contiguous United States was estimated to have about 105 million acres of wetlands remaining. Over the past 60 years, it has lost over 16 million acres of wetlands, and the loss continues at about 58,000 acres annually. Nearly one-third of the loss is due to urban development, with the rest being nearly equally divided between rural development, agriculture, and silviculture (predominantly logging). The southeastern United States is experiencing the greatest losses. The Emergency Wetlands Resources Act of 1986 requires the Fish and Wildlife Service to conduct status and trend studies of the nation's wetlands and to report the results to Congress each decade. The overall goal is to have no more net loss of wetlands. In the past 5 years, money for flood control projects in Louisiana has been cut dramatically. During that time, two simulations, one of a category 4 hurricane and one of a category 5 hurricane, indicated catastrophic damage and loss of life along the Gulf Coast. The levees were predicted to break, and massive flooding to occur, in part due to the loss of the sheltering wetlands. Wetlands in the United States ________. have decreased due to human development important because they provide many valuable ecosystem services people realized that environmental damage is not equally distributed among all classes and racial groups; minority and low-income communities tend to contain a much larger share of the environmental damage (such as landfills, incinerators, toxic waste sites, etc.) The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) _________. gave citizens the right to see and comment on proposed government projects through the creation of environmental impact statements What is the title of the book by Rachel Carson that refers to the absence of birdsongs due to the poisoning of birds by pesticides? Silent Spring International environmental policies arise from ________. international conventions or treaties The primary role of the United Nations is to ________. cooperate in solving international economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems The World Bank ________. is a major source of funds for global economic development The entire environmental policy process ________. includes more steps than the average citizen is able to accomplish alone To control pollution, industry has been given limits and been threatened with punishment if these limits are violated. This approach is called ________. command and control Cap and Trade is a system that ________. permits industries that pollute under the federal cap to sell credits to industries that pollute over the cap ________ encourages more sustainable business practices. ecolabeling Which of the following acts to discourage unsustainable activities? green tax Most of the environmental progress made over the past few decades has come about through __________ methods. command-and-control What is sustainable development? promoting a viable economy while maintaining a viable environment and meeting social needs Leaders striving for sustainable development aim to satisfy a triple bottom line, which involves what three goals? economic advancement, environmental protection, and social equity the environmental justice system started because people realized that environmental damage is not equally distributed among all classes and racial groups; minority and low-income communities tend to contain a much larger share of the environmental damage (such as landfills, incinerators, toxic waste sites, etc.)