University:
Kentucky State University
Course:
BIO 301 | Human Anatomy
Academic year:

2022
Views:

452

Pages:

24
Author:

slypery5hy

Trachea- -Air tube that bringing air to lungs for gas exchange. • About 11-12 cm long. • Pass within 2 regions neck and thorax. • Extends from lower end of larynx at level of C6 vertebra to sternal angle at level of I.V disk. • Consist of about 20 C-Shaped cartilaginous arcs(arches). • Incomplete with posterior and replaced by a smooth muscle Trachealis • Lined by ciliated respiratory epithelium with goblet cells. • At sternal angle it divides into two main bronchi. Sheet Note #1 • respiratory epithelium1. It is ciliated (‫ )أهداب‬which will trap the foreign bodies. 2. It will move it outside the lungs as a sputum. 3. It contains goblet cells to secrete mucus. . • Goblet cells & cilia They increase their activity indices, when a sickness happens to us. -Who can move it (Move back and forth) ? It is ciliated epithelium and secretion of mucus by the goblet cells. E.X: bronchitis . Right 1ry bronchus - • Shorter( 1 inch long). • Wider. • Vertical than left . Therefore, inhaled foreign bodies that enter trachea are commonly trapped in it or enter the right lung. • each main bronchus will enter the root of the lungs, where it divides into a narrower Branches. Left 1ry bronchus • Longer(-2 inches long). • Narrower. • More horizontal. Pleura- Pleural cavity : • Potential space between parietal and visceral pleural . • Contains pleural fluid that act to lubricate and facilitate breathing. • Come to be true in diseases. Layers: 1. Visceral , cover the lungs 2. Parietal ,Line the thoracic wall Has4 parts: 1-4 Sheet Note #2 • Pleura in the embryo before birth The thoracic cavity in both side (Left &Right lung) have pleural sack. • Then, the lung in the trachea will grow like this and divides into two branches.  At the end of two branches There is the lung bud  What is the part which is covering the lung ? - Visceral pleura.  What is the part which is lining the thoracic wall or cavity ? -Parietal pleura. It exactly like this diagram. 1. It will push itself in medial surface of the sack. 2. Pushing itself more and more . Sheet Note #3 • In the diagram , the hand represents the main bronchus . • the ballon represents complete sack . • The hand (pleura) enters an underinflated ballon , then the hand became the lung bud. • and that’s why the part which is covering the lung is called visceral , and the part which in lining the thoracic wall is called prietal . • the space in between the two layers is called the pleural cavity • Pleural cavity; It is a potential space ,and will be only true in diseases like: sickness. Plural effusion Sheet Note #4 • Pleural effusion (fluid around the lung ). • It means fluid collected whithin the pleural sack , and this will prevent the lung from acting properly , this lung (left lung in the picture) is compressed , it cannot fully inflate . we evacuate the fluid by a tube and this is called underwater seal or vacuumed outside . This usually caused by: (pneumonia, pleurisy) Sheet Note #5 we can see the anterior of the trachea and the branches by a procedure called bronchoscope. we can move the bronchoscope right or left and then enters the narrower bronchioles. If the bronchoscope was in this area (bifurcation area) it can see the inner angle of the trachea , this is the site of bifurcation of trachea where it The anterior of the trachea and bronchus divided into right and left branches , the inner angle is called carina so we can visualize it by bronchoscope. Carina Is the inner angle between the two main bronchi of the trachea. Its mucous membrane is the most sensitive part of the trachea and larynx. The carina responds to an inhanced foreign body ,is by triggering a cough reflex,to expel it out or in the right bronchus. Lunges Conical-shaped spongy organs. Lie within pleural sacs on both sides of mediastinum(V.C). Each lung attach to mediastinum by their root. Sheet Note #6 • The distal end of the trachea is divided into two bronchi . • each one of the bronchi enters at the medial or mediastinal surface of the lung and it’s called the root of the lung. the lung has top and bottom . Features of lungs • Parts:  Apex(at the root of the neck).  Base (concave) over diaphragm. • 3 borders:  Anterior (narrow &overlap the heart).  Posterior(rounded ,on both sides of the vertebral column).  Inferior(narrow). • 3 surfaces:  Diaphragmatic (concave),rest on the diaphragm (inferior).  Costal,wide and convex (lateral).  Mediastinal ,related to mediastinal structures (medial). I Sheet Note #7 Parts:  Apex ~convex~  Base~ concave ~ (which is located over the dome of the diaphragm. 3 borders:  Anterior .  overlap:covers the anterior surface of the heart.  Posterior ~broad ~ because it is located on both side of the vertebral column.  Inferior ~narrow~ because it is located on both side of the dome of the diaphragm. Diaphragmatic surface has two domes -1right~(which is dome by liver) 2-left~(which is dome by stomach. 3 surfers:  Diaphragmatic (inferior) (base)  2-costal: Costal surface  It is wide and it is located inner to the ribs ,and their intercostal space.  It extends from posterior to anterior.  It is the common part of the lung that contacts with diseases specially in winter(cold).  Mediastinum. Left lung • Characteristics: • Has one oblique fissure. • Has 2lobes: .superior lobe . Inferior lobe . • Develop in a smaller space ,so,it is: Longer . Narrower. Lighter in weight. Less functional than the left Sheet Note #8 Develop in a smaller space (It develop in the embryo before birth ) , it develop in a smaller space because the heart rotated 45 degrees from right to left ,so it occupied part of the space which was in the left lung (space in left lung is smaller than the right lung ). Left lung:  It receives left main bronchus.  It is more susceptible to infection caused by becteria ,a virus or fungi. • the diaphragmatic surface is affected by the stomach. so when the baby drinks milk , it ferments in the stomach and produce gases that compress the left lung se we burp the baby to get red of the pressure on the lung . Right Lung • Characteristics: • Has 2 fissures:  oblique .Horizontal • Has 3lobes: .superior Middle lobe Inferior lobe • Develop in a larger space ,so, it is: Winder Shorter Heavier More functional than the left Sheet Note #9 The two fissures will divide the lung into three lobes:  Superior.  Middle .  Inferior. The right lung hort because the liver is higher than the stomachand has a large size . Root of the lung • Connect lung to the mediastinum. • Contents: One main bronchus bring O2 and discharge CO2. One pulmonary artery ,bring deoxygenated blood from right ventricle of heart to the lungs. Two pulmonary veins , send oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of heart. Sheet Note #10 Pulmonary artery (blue or purple). • pulmonary artery ,bring deoxygenated blood for reoxygenation. • lung function : gases exchange and reoxygenation of air. Bronchial Tree The two main 1ry bronchi divides repeatedly to give the smallest lung tubes called (Respiratory bronchioles which ,have numerous (sacs)alveoli where gas exchange occurs ). Sheet Note #11 Alveoli ( sacs ) .  Inhale(it brings oxygen).  Exhale(it will send CO2).

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