Hierarchy in the Natural World

What is a cell & what do they make up↓ A cell is the smallest living organism They make up all living things What does the Cytoplasm do→keeps organelles in place + chemical reactions occur here. Nucleus→Controls the cell. Its the brain of the cell that holds DNA Cell Membrane↓ Protects the cell Gives it shape Allows what goes in and out of the cell Mitochondria↓ Breaks down sugars to create energy "Powerhouse of the cell" Responsible for Cellular respiration Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)→crucial organelle - protein synthesis and lipid metabolism rough ER→protein synthesis - a network of membranes in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, studded with ribosomes, smooth ER→a part of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) network within a cell that lacks ribosomes on its surface - lipid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and detoxification of harmful substances Ribosomes↓ Makes proteins Is either in the cytoplasm or in the ER Lysosomes→Digests food particles, cell parts, and other unwanted substances Golgi Apparatus→Transports protein and other substances out of the cell Chloroplast→Organelle for photosynthesis ‒ Produces energy from sunlight, water and Carbon Dioxide Cell wall→Additional protection + gives the plant strength and stiffness Vacuole→Stores water and waste Eukaryotic cells→eukaryotic cells are found in all types of multicellular organisms such as plant and animal cells and they contains nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Prokaryotic→Prokaryotic cells are primitive cells mainly found in the unicellular organisms, and they do not nucleus, instead they contain a fragment of DNA, and the organelles are not bounded by the membranes Specialized cells→cells designed to carry out a particular role in the body Resolution VS magnification↓ Resolution is the ability to distinguish two objects from each other. Magnification is the ability to make small objects seem larger, such as making a microscopic organism visible Unicellular VS Multicellular↓ Unicellular organisms are made up of only one cell that carries out all of the functions needed by the organism e.g bacteria and amoeba Multicellular organisms use many different cells to function e.g animal and plants Nucleoid→Has no membrane but is essentially the nucleus. It is the DNA in the prokaryotic cell with no membrane around it Slime coat/capsule→It's just a slimy layer on top of the cell wall. It is mostly for protection Flagellum→Lets the bacteria move Plasmid→Naked circular strips of DNA floating within the cytoplasm Pili→Attaches to other bacteria + the host name of 2 structures in which aerobic respiration takes place→Cytoplasm and mitochondria. glycolysis occurs, the first step of aerobic respiration in the cytoplasm. Glucose is broken down there. Then the Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondria. Aerobic respiration→Process that uses oxygen to convert nutrients into energy in the form of ATP. What is ATP→Adenosine triphosphate, the energy of the cell. Anaerobic respiration→Process of producing energy without oxygen, typically in muscle cells during intense exercise. What is respiration→The process of releasing energy from glucose in the presence of oxygen. where does respiration take place→Mitochondria aerobic respiration word formula→Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP) anaerobic respiration word formula→Glucose → Lactic Acid + Energy What might ATP be used for→cellular processes - muscle contraction, steady body temp, etc. breathing vs respiration→Breathing is the physical process of inhaling and exhaling air, while respiration is the chemical process where cells break down glucose to release energy. lactic acid is...→toxic and results in cramps Anaerobic respiration examples→Fermentation (beer, yeast, bacteria) Lactic acid/lactate→Lactic acid is a chemical your body produces when your cells break down carbohydrates for energy Protein synthesis→The protein synthesis definition is the process that cells use to create proteins. Proteins are the building blocks of cells and "synthesis" means to make. So, protein synthesis is the process of making proteins Lipid synthesis→Lipid synthesis refers to the biological process through which cells create lipids, including fats, oils, and phospholipids what are proteins needed for in the cell→Proteins are needed for structure, enzymes, transport, and replication within the cell. what are lipids needed for in the cell→Lipids are needed for cell membrane structure, energy storage, and hormone production. write the process of how protein synthesis takes place→Transcription of DNA to mRNA (message RNA) in the nucleus, followed by translation of mRNA into a polypeptide chain at a ribosome in the cytoplasm. what is mRNA→In the nucleus, a copy of the DNA is made during transcription. This copy is called mRNA, which can leave the nucleus and carry the instructions to make a protein. Role of mRNA→The role of mRNA is to carry protein information from the DNA in a cell's nucleus to the cell's cytoplasm, and it is a single-stranded RNA molecule that carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis. What is the term for a section of DNA that codes for a single protein?→a gene DNA subunits→they are called nucleotides and there are 4 different subunits: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). Dna differences→there are no differences in the actual DNA structure, only in the actual genes what are the basic sequence bases of DNA→AT and CG what is the name of a modified copy of a DNA sequence that is carried to the cytoplasm of the cell→mRNA (messenger RNA) what is the name of the cell that "reads" the code→ribosomes "read" the genetic code How do ribosomes work→The ribosome “reads” the mRNA code in groups of three bases (codons) to build a chain of amino acids — the building blocks of proteins. what are amino acids→molecules that combine to form proteins Lipase function→Enzyme that breaks down lipids (fats) into fatty acids and glycerol during digestion. Haemoglobin→Ability of red blood cells to transport oxygen Antibody→Bind to and identify molecules on the surface of invading microbes