Factors That Influence Oxygenation Requirements

Factors that influence oxygenation requirements (a) Physiological factors (1) Decreased O carrying capacity2, physiologically hemoglobin carries O2to the network by 97%. For example, in people suffering from anemia and inhaling toxic substances, O capacity may decrease2which is tied. (2) Decreased O concentration2during inspiration, occurs due to the use of respiratory therapy equipment, decreases O2in the environment. (3) Hypovolemia, causes a decrease in circulating blood volume as a result of loss of extracellular fluid such as in sufferers with shock, severe dehydration. (4) Increased metabolic rate, can occur in cases of infection, continuous fever so that the metabolic rate increases, the body begins to break down protein supplies, muscles shrink and muscle mass decreases. Normal metabolic rate during pregnancy, wound healing, exercise so that the body repairs damaged tissue. (5) Conditions that affect chest wall movement, for example pregnancy, obesity and musculoskeletal abnormalities: such as abnormal structural configuration, for example: 10 in pectus excavatum and kyposis, cases of trauma, muscle diseases, nervous system diseases, central nervous disorders, and chronic diseases. (b) Health status This can occur due to disorders of the vital organs of the respiratory system and cardiovascular system and chronic diseases, such as anemia, a decrease in the ability to bind O²,Upper respiratory obstruction disease causes a decrease in O concentration² etc. (c) Developmental factors (1) Premature babies (2) Infants and children (3) School age children and teenagers (4) Young and middle age teenagers (5) Elderly (d) Behavioral factors (1) Nutrition (a) Severe obesity causes lung expansion to decrease. (b) Malnutrition: respiratory muscle wasting resulting in a decrease in the strength of the breathing muscles. (2) Exercise (exercise) Physical exercise will increase metabolic activity, depth and rate of breathing, heart rate and respiration so that oxygen demand also increases. (3) Smoking Can cause damage to peripheral vascularization and heart disease, nicotine causes vasoconstriction of peripheral and coronary blood vessels. (4) Dependence on addictive substances Excessive use of alcohol and drugs can damage tissue oxygenation, this occurs because: (a) Alcohol and drugs cause reduced nutritional intake resulting in a decrease in Fe levels, a decrease in Hemoglobin production. (b) Alcohol and drugs can cause depression of the respiratory center and central nervous system, resulting in a decrease in the rate and depth of inspiration and a decrease in O2 inhalation. (c) Narcotics and analgesics Resulting in depression of the respiratory center, especially the use of morphine and meperidine so that the respiration rate and depth of breath decreases. (5) Emotions Uncontrolled feelings of fear, anxiety and anger will stimulate sympathetic activity which causes an increase in heart rate and respiratory frequency so that oxygen demand increases, anxiety also causes an increase in the rate and depth of breathing, emotions (6) Lifestyle Smoking habits will affect a person's oxygen supply. (e) Environment (1) A hot or cold workplace environment, high pollution can affect a person's need for oxygen, for workers in asbestos, talcum powder, fiber and other factories, thereby putting them at risk of lung disease. (2) Altitude In highland areas there will be a decrease in air pressure so that oxygen pressure also decreases, and vice versa in lowland areas. (9)The process of gas exchange in the lungs (1) Diffusion Namely the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Occurs in alveolar and capillary membranes and the rate of diffusion is influenced by membrane thickness. (2) Transportation O2 (a) Occurs in the pulmonary and cardiovascular systems. (b) Depends on ventilation (O2entry into the lungs) and perfusion (blood flow to the lungs and tissues). (c) Blood capacity to carry O2influenced by the amount of oxygen in plasma, hemoglobin, oxygen bonds in Hb. O Transportation2in the blood in the form of: (1) Gas dissolves in blood plasma (small amounts). (2) O2Hb bound to red blood cells forms the compound HbOxygen (HbO2) (3) CO Transport2 (a) CO2diffuses into red blood cells and is rapidly bound in carbonic acid (H2CO-3) Carbonic CO2+ H2O H++ HCO-3Anhydrase (b) 7% Co² is absorbed through the peripheral capillary network (plasma transport). (c) Hemoglobin binding CO transport in the blood in the form of: (1) Gas dissolves in blood plasma (small amounts). (2) Carbonic acid, soluble in blood plasma (small amounts). (3) Forms carbamino bonds with blood proteins, including Hb (- 20% CO2being transported). (4) Bicarbonate salt (- 70% CO2being transported).