Session 5 Biology Study Guides

П1е сошmоо bedlЬug (Cj,ne,r fectul,,rius) is а speci� of insecr thaE is Ьeconii1:1g i11c11easing]y .resistant ro insecticid.e s. Be.dbugs possess seve1·al geпes suspected of contributing to tlh.e resistance, including Р450, АЬс8, ашl Cp.i.. То investlgate the ro1e of ·Lhese ge11es in iлsecticide resistance, researchers deleted опе or шоrе of th� е genes in different strains of bedbugs, as indicated in !Figu11e l, a.t1d treated d1e strai1:1s wiili. the іш ecrki.de !Ьe.ta-cytluthrin. ЕасІ1 strajn v.ras genetically identicaJ except for the delered gene(s) and was equally fit і11 tl1e absence of Ьeta-cytluithri�1. The percent survivaJ of ,each st.rni.п following beLa-cyrfluti1rin treatшent i.s showr1 і11 Figure 1. Strai,1 т п Р450 + ЛЬс8 Cps + + + + ПІ IV + + + + - V + + = \Vildtype - = Deletion Figure І. Регсепt survival of five strains of Ьedbugs treated with Ьeta­ cyfluthrin. А(+) iлdicates the gene is present; а(-) indicates the gene is deleted. Error bars represent the 95% coпfidence inrervaJ. IdeJ:1liify ,J1e con-iro[ stmi r1 ir1 tt1e extperin1e11t. U �· е the 111eans and confidet1ce i1:1te1v als in Figmre 1 th:e clair11 dla1 АЬL:8 is effective at pюv.idi11g resistance rto be-ta-C)rfiuthri_m� • Strain [ Justifica.tion 1(1 :point) • Епоr barsJCis from. strain Uoontrol/WТ do not overlap with strain [ШАЬс8 deleted stram. • Mean % survivall of strain ПUАЬс8 deletion falls outside the 95% C•onfidence interval of stra:in I/controVWT. • Strain .ІШАЬс8 deJetion shows а statistica1ly significant difference from strain Vconttol. � 40 І justirfу ldenlim:ation (І point) 1()0 Q.. 10 20 п Strain. І Р450 + - АЬс8 + L/JS + І ІП [V + - + - + + + + - + V - + = WHdtype - = Deletion І (Ь) Р450 emcodes 8!/1 et1zy1ne thart detoxifies it1. ecticides. АЬс8 encodes а ь-,ш:1.: poner proreit1 tl:1ar pumps і msec1tic1des out of ce[[s_ Cps e1:1 codes а11 extern.aill sttrnotural prorei�1 [ocated im1 dle exoskelerom that g.rearirly reduces tl1e аЬ. orn:1 io11 of it1. ecticid�s. Ba&ed от tbis irnfomtation at1d ltlhe dla1m ів Figu.re L ехрЬпо ho,v а de]erion of Ьort1 Р4501 зпd АЬс8 rmesulrirs jn Jower .. urvi,.,al im1 Ьedbug.. con1pared v.r itl1 а deie1i 011 of QJ.� 011]у. ExpJanati.on (1 point per row; Z points maximum) 100 !; 80 -� 60 V) І\) 40 � 20 о Sшun І Р450 АЬс8 + + Cps + п ПІ IV + + + + + + V + + = \ViJdtyp� - = Deletioп Strain Р450 and АЬсВ CpsonJy V Deleted Present IV Present DeJeted Explanation BedЬugs can neither detoxify nor pump out insecticide, which results in а lower chance of bedЬug survival. Bedbugs can detoxify and pump out insecticide, which results in а higher chance of bedЬug survival. Gibberellirt is the рrіишrу рІанt l110nnone that р1·ш1юtеs steш eloнgatiom. GA 3-Ьeta-hydroxylase (GАЗН) is the enzyшe that calalyzes the r,eaction that convens а precursor of gibbereШ�1 to the active forш of gibberellin, А шrutatlon im the GАЗН ger1e result� in а short plartt phenotype. Wlher1 а pure-breedit1g tal[ plant is crossed with а pure-breeding short plant. аІ[ offspring in the F I generation are tall. When the F I plm1ts are crossed \\1ith each other, 75 percer1t of tl1e p]ants :En tbe f2 geпeration are tн[] and 25 percent of the plant� are st1on. Sccond Ва,с іп Codon с u uuu} Pь ucu e ucc uuc ] Ser u UUA } UCA UUG Leu UCG ccu cuu сес cuc u с С А ) Let! ССА) Pro с о '8 = оо CUG CCG AUU ACU AUC ] Пе лес А АСА]Thr AUA AUG МеІl>1 ACG GUU G Siar, GCU auc] Val асс ] Ala GUA GCA GUG -GCG А AU} Tyr UAC UAA Stop UAG Stop G UGU} u cys UGC с UGA Stop А UGG Trp G }н·ІS CAG} ОІн CGU CGC ) CGA Arg CGG AAU} АС Asn Л AAA L } � AAG y AGU} AGC Ser AGA }дr g AGG САС СА САА GAU Asp GGU АС} u с А G u с А G u с GGC О ]Gly А GAA} GGA Glu GGG GAG -�- Figure І. The universal gene[ic code (а) The \Vild-type а11еіе et1oodes а GA3H епzу111е \V]tl1. а[аnіпе (А[а)� а попроІзr rn11in.o acid; at posidoп 229. nie 111utant: аНеІе encode� а GАЗН enzyn1e with t:t1reo11i�1e (Тhr ), а polar an1it10 ac.id, at posi.tio�1 2 29. Des,tribe the effect of tl1e t11utation 011 tl1e eпzy�ne алd pmvide r,easoning to support t1ow tl1is mutation results im а �b.ort p[ant phe1:1otype im hoжnozygous re-cessive pla.r1ts. Recall, GA3H is the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion to active gibberellin which promotes stem elongation Descri tion ( 1 1 oint) Тhе amino acid substitution changes the sha e/stmctшe/function of the rotein. Тhе n1utation decreases/eliminates giЬЬerellin roduction. U sing the codon chan p.rovided� predlict the сі1 ar1ge іп tt1e соdоп seq uемсе that resu 1ted і�1 the substi tл.Jtioп of a[anioe for t1ireomne at aп1jno acid positio11 229. Second Ва е in Codon s -g с u uuu} he uc ucc] UUC P u UUA} UCA Sсг UUG Lен UCG AUU AUCI Пе А AUA AUGMe10 GUU GUC G ] Val GUA GUG Stш1 UAU}т r UAC y UAA Stop UAG Stop САU}н·S l САС Pro АА С } 0111 CAG CCG ccu cuu ссе cuc uс с CUA ] Leu сел CUG А ACU АСС АСА ]Thr ACG GC GCC Ala GCA ] GCG AAU ЛАС} Asn AAA}ty s AAG G UGU} Cys u с UGC UGA Stop А UGG Trp G CGU CGC g CGA]Ar CGG AGU} AGC Ser AGA}дrg AGG u с G А u с G А u GAU} A GGU p GAC s GGC Gly А GGA ] GAA} G GAG Glu-'GGG _._ с Prediction (1 роіпt m,ax:iJnum) • • • G � А in the first position (of the codon) Б'-GCN-3' � Б'-АСN-3' Б'-NGC-3' � Б'-NGT-3' in the template strand of DNA (с) DesCJ"jfЬe how individua[s \-Чith one (l1eterozygous) or two (l1omozygous) copies of ·the \Vi1d-type GАЗН allele cat1 t1a,,e. tl1e sar11e pl1enotype. Descriptian. 1( 1. point) • • Enough active enzyme isproduced from one wild-type/dominant alele. Enough giЬberellin is produced in the presence of one wild-typeldominant allele. The yeast SaccharrJІn}tct s cereгvisi,ie is а sing[e-ce]]ed orgШiisni. Ami110 aci. d " ymd1esi s in yeast cel[s occurs 1through me-ta!Ьoiic [PЗJtthwa}rs� amd enzymes і11 tl1e synl:hesi path ays are encoded Ьу differemt gem� .. The symtt1esis of а particn[ar а1піt10 ac1d can he prevented Ьу t11utation of а gene encodiвg at1 enzyn1e і11 the required pathway . . Аresearciter conducted mi e.x.peri me.nt to deten11 ine the аЬі li ily of yeas·r to gю\v on 1nedia d1 at djffer і!1 atnino ас id conte:ю1r. Уeast can gro\\{ as Ьotl1 t1apioi.d and dip]oid ceLI s. The treSeш-cher tested t\vo dlifferent �1ap[o1d yeast srtJrai11s (1\if r11tant 1 and f\iutaot 2), each of \Vhi-ch hш а si1н!:le rece" sive mutation. авd а t1aoioid wi]d-type. tmin. The � uJong data are si10\vn і п ТаЬІе 1. SТRAINS Treatment І Treatшent П Treatment ПJ Treatшent IV МЕDІUМ All ::unino acidc; present No a111ino acids present All ашіnо acids present ЕХСЕРГ methionine All ашіnо acidc; present ЕХСЕРГ leucine Wild Туре Muta,н 1 Mutant 2 + + + + - - + - + + + - ТаЬІе І. ТІ1е data sho\V t/1e growth of haploid Saccl1oro111yces cerevisiae yeast strains 011 media that differ in шnino acid content А plus sign (+) ind.icates that the yeast strains gro,v, ,шd а minus sign (-) inclicates tliat the straiнs do поt gro�•- 1іІ'""ІІ'і""Т'ІІі, Treat11:1ent І Treatшent П Treatшeot ІІІ Treat11nent IV МЕDІUМ Al[ ш11і110 acid� present No аmшо, ac1ds present АН ашіnо acid� present ЕХСЕРТ methionjne АН ашіnо a.ci.ds present ЕХСЕРТ Іешсіnе· .а Т1Іо. 1'1М WШd Туре Mutaпt [ Muttant2 + + + - - + - + + + - ldeno6cation (JІ point) • • • (Posilive) oontrol (for yeast gr1owth)� То test the via.hility of аН yeast strams. Тreatmeпt І allows the r�seareiher ·to Ье oonfident that cha.nges t ditffer-enoes in trea ments... m experimentam outrome are due to Tre.at111ent І Treatшent П Treзtmeot ІІІ Treatюent N МЕDІUМ All ашіnо acid� prese1:1t No a.mino acids ----- ♦• АН шnino acid� present ЕХСЕРГ methionjne АН ашіnо acid� preserн ЕХСЕРГ Іешсіnе (Ь) Pro1i.de иasoning to ехр]аі 11 l1ow ь-eatme]Ir Ш mediuпi" Mutant 2 + + + + - - + - + + + - '1J1Jta1i1Jt J са11 gm Reasoning (І point) • WШd Tvpe STRA[NS Mutant [ Mutant 1 сап use methionine when methiomne 011 treжt111eвrt І 111�diun1 b1t1t ca1Т1J110-n gro\v on п is present in the medium. 1 hut Mutant 1 cannot synthes:ize с) ·veast rnatte Ьу fu...ing two •1ap]oid cells оо m.ake .а ditploid се]]. Шn а second experir11eпt �ie re" earciu.er rnate" tlile Muta11t 1 amd Mum1:1t 2 �1apioid stra.[11" to produce dip]oid cel[s. sing t11e шЬ]е provided� prediet ·wl:1etl1er rhe wploid celJs w.i П gro\v on еасІ:1 of tl1e fonr п1еdі а.. U" е а plus sjgn ( +) ю indic:ate gюwth and а 1ni11rus sig11 (-) to it1dicate 110 gro\vth. STRAINS МEDIUM Treatшe11t І Treaunent 11 Treaunent ІІІ Treaunent IV All ашіnо acids preset1t No arruno acids present All amino acids present ЕХСЕРТ rnethionine All ашіnо acids present ЕХСЕРТ leucine Wild Туре (haploid) Mutant 1 (haploid) Mutant 2 (haploid) + + + + - + + + + - Diploid Cells Produced Ьу Mating MLІtant І and Mutant 2 + + + +