University:
Marymont University
Course:
BIO 110 | Introduction to Environmental Science
Academic year:

2020
Views:

484

Pages:

11
Author:

Quintin Ware

pore formed IL released IL cause immune response � Ф Л-0----'--- lnactive Interleukin CellMembrane д Active lnterleukin -VФ N-tcnninal G-- Gasdeп11i11 -Inactive Dispa!!it:- І cleAvedCasActive p;u.e-І f Bal'Lt:riш • lnfecrion Some pathogenic bacteria enter cell . replicate. and pread to other cell . cau ing illne in the ho t organism. Но t cell re pond to the е infection in а number of way . one of which involve activating particular enzyrnatic pathways (Figure 1 ). Cells normally produce а teady upply of inactiYe са pase-1 protein. 1n re pon е to intracellular pathogen . the inactive caspase-1 is cleaved and fonns an active caspase-1 (step 1 ). Active caspase-1 сап cleave two other protein . When caspa е-1 clea е an inactive interleukin ( tep 2), the active portion of the interleu.kin і relea ed from the cell. An interleukin і а ignaling molecule that can activate the irnmune re pon е. When caspase-1 clea е gasdermin ( tep 3). the -terminal portion of everal ga dermin protein а ociate in the cell membrane to fопn large non pecific pore . CELL FRACТIO S СОNТAINING DIFFERENТ CELLULAR PROТEINS Aconitase (Кrebs cycle protein) Whole cell sample Fraction 1 Fraction 2 Fraction З Fraction 4 D А polymerase v1itochondrf � Nucleus + + GAPDH (glycolytic protein) Sodiumpotassium pump Cvtor1[asm Membrane + + NF-кB (Immune response protein) + + + + + + + + = presence of protein Researchers created the model in Figure 1 u ing data from cell fractionation tudie . In the experiments, various part of the cell were separated into fractions Ьу mechanical and chemical method . Specific proteins known to Ье located in d.ifferent part of the cell were u ed as markers to detennine the location of other proteins. Тhе table below how the pre ence of known protein in pecific cellular fraction . 1 (а) Des�l"1ihe the effect of inhib1d11g s·nep 3 ои rhe tfor1natloo of mюres AND оп the release of ioter]eufkin fro111 rhe сеП. д л-о-ф_2_ lnactive lnterleukin Active Inrerleukin CD �--lnactive Caspase-1 t t Bacrerial lnfection - Active Caspase-1 Cell Membrane • Figure 1. Cellular response to infection Ьу pathogenic bacteria (іЬ. Make а claim aЬout t1ow с]еа\riпg in асІі \re cw pase-1 resu]rts it1 activalio11 of caspase-1 А s.rndet1t сlaitns that p.reit1fectjjon ,prodncdon of imactive p[�ecu . ors. �1oneж1s tJ1e respomse 1tin1e of а се]] ro а h"Вcteria� :infection. Pm ide ONE reason to suppott rhe studemt claim. см .. V Cell Membrane � Л--0 ф lnactive Interleukin N-terminal Gasdennin ф 0-- Gasdermin CD t t �---Jnactive Casp�-1 Bacterial Infectio11 Claim (1 :paint) • • Removes inhiЬitor/:re[Pre.ssor/inhibitory domain. of [Prote, in Changes the вhape/protein structure Active Са�рш.е-1 • Reasoning (1 point) • C1ea.vingr а. pr e, cшrsor/protei.rn/.molecule is faster than ma.king one upon i.nfection. • Cells do not have to wait for transcription and translation/protein synthesis. А smdent c]ai11ts 11:hat the • . F- ,сВ protein is ]ocated і n the cyto;plasn1 un:ІП the pro·tein і r1eeded for ttrat1 ... c.r.iption.. Justify tt1e studeпr's clai�n wirth evidet1ce. :rdenti�y Т\VО fncrions where -tern1i�a1 g� de1·1n:in would Ье foumd it1 се�[. itilecLed ·with pa1�1ogenic bacteria. CELL FRACTIONS СОNТAINING DIFFERENТ CELLULAR PROTEINS Aconitase (КrеЬ сусІе protein) Whole cell sample + Fraction 1 + DNA polymerase GAPDH (glycolytic protein) + + Fraction 2 Fraction З Fraction 4 + [ Sodiumpotassium pump NF-кB (Immune response protein) + + + + + + .. + = presence of protein Juslitu:alion (1l point) • NF-lt:В an.d glyoo1ytic enzymes/GAPDH ar,e found togetЬer (in th,e cytoplasm)� А smdent c]ai11ts 11:hat the • . F- ,сВ protein is ]ocated і n the cyto;plasn1 un:ІП the pro·tein і r1eeded for ttrat1 ... c.r.iption.. Justify tt1e studeпr's clai�n wirth evidet1ce. :rdenti�y Т\VО fncrions where -tern1i�a1 g� de1·1n:in would Ье foumd it1 се�[. itilecLed ·with pa1�1ogenic bacteria. CELL FRACTIONS СОNТAINING DIFFERENТ CELLULAR PROTEINS Aconitase (КrеЬ сусІе protein) Whole cell sample + Fraction 1 + Fraction 2 Fraction З Fraction 4 DNA polymerase (glycolytic protein) + + Sodiumpotassium pump GAPDH + + [ NF-кB (Immune response protein) І Iлactive lnterleukin -VФ o-N-tcrminaJ Gasdennin + + + л + �-- Inac!:ive Caspase-1 Gasderшi11 Active Caspase-1 BacteriaJ Jnfection + + = presence of protein ldeu.lili�ation (Z points) • Fraction З • Fra.ction 4 І Destinfhe the .moS t 1 ike1 ' і eff ect of g�. derrn·irn pore fontшtion om 'Wate,r Ь8[авсе :і m the с-е]1 in ж е1:1 viror1 1J11:1teiit� hypotot1 іс Low solute concentration Hlgh solute concentration number of water molecules = 24 number of water molecules = 24 number of solute molecules = О number of solute molecules = 5 с1 0 ?J � � � ?J & ?J � ?J � � g, се с5) � � � <6) ф � � � number of free water molecules = 24 + + • Q) � & qj � number of free water molecules = 4 netmovement of water moleculee Descdpticm (І к,оіnІ) • Warter ,enterв the eell .. і -'- (е) Explain l1ow gasdemм:rм m pore for1natior1 AND im1·temlel!JJlld n release co11tribure to an orgarшism' s defefl!Js.e a.gaiw1st а bacterLa[ pathoge11.. Hypotonic S Іn".а',е Th ем evor·\.�11)' t>urst 1 ,V:t.�r � 1r.i 1spo:ted into th� і:Ь 50lute conce-rio-at,01 1nsi<1e' � оеІІ І& HICH::.R Explanation (Z points) • Cell Lysis. destroys mfected cells OR ееШL ffiysis prevents hacteria from JІep[icating. • InterleШlkin signa1ing wiH stim.ulatie i.mm:u.ne eels/eompon.ents of the imm.une system (to destroy the i.m�cted cetls or hacte1r]a). 1 .Acetylci1olit1e receptor (AChR) proteins are fout1d ar the" ynзpse Ьett ее11 t1eиrons arnid ske]etaJ .tnnsc[e ce]Ls. AcetylcboH11e re] eased from neuroms bind" to а spe-cific site on tl1e recepror proteiRs� which crn..1 ses am іо11 ci13Jtt�iel і1:1 d-1e receptors to оре11 amd allo\v sodiun1 ions (Na+) to e1l'ter mruscle се�[... The resш]tlпg depo]ariиtion of mиsc:]e сеІLs initiates mns.c]e coiнractio11... At1oti1er 1no[e-cu]e rn ico·rine� сжt1 а1. о Ьіпd to c:enai п -rypes of ACl1R proreirrus and activate the re-cep10 ... . Аresearcher is invesrigratl�1g t\vo differe11t types of A.CllilR. proteins: type 1 and type 2. То dererrnioe wh1cl1 stlmuH activate ilie receptors� tl1e researc1ier exposes п10" с]е ceHs expres • ing t:he differen't �rpes of reoeptor proteiПJs to stimu�i м1d оЬ. erves 11he resul1s 1ndiCЗJted in ТаЬІе 1. J ТABLE :І. RESPO . SE OF AC•1R PR1OТEINS Т1О DIFFERENТ S11 IIULI ACltR Protei 11 Туре Acety1 ch0Hr1e :icotine Туре [ Туре2 + + + + і t1dicates ,ac't.i vat· ion - :і lild:icat.es no activatio11 ТАВLЕ J. RESPO SE Of АСЬR PROТEINS ТО DIFFЄRENТ STIМULI AChR P11otein Туре Acetykb.o�i.ne icotine Туре [ + + Туре2 + і ndicat· e. acti , ation - i11dicat.es no nctivaьoн + 1 Desenbe the differeJice ів the stn.�c·tt�re А • D ·runc·tior1 between AChR type J and ACl1R �ре ..... 1 1 Structure (І poinl maximшn)1 Bmding siteв d:Hf1er in shape/ specificity/numher Fundion (І poinl maximшn)1 • • • Dilierential bmding of molecules to type l and type 2 receptors Reoeptors activated Ьу one {ACh) or Ьoth · (ACh and nicotin,e) molecu1es • • • Differ1e•ntial bindmg of molecules to type l and type• 2 receptors Activated hy one (A:Ch) mo[e, cule or both (ACh and nicotine) molecules No differe:noe, in response (:Ьoth open ehannets QR both result in depolairization OR hoth oause mus,cle conh'acti.on) Activated hy one (АСЬ) or Ьoth (ACh and .nicotin,e) mclecule_в No difierenoe· in response (both open ehannets OR both resu[t in depolarization OR both oause mus,cle conЬr · action) No diHere:noe• in response (both open cha.rmets OR both result in depolarization OR both oause muscle conЬ-action) Ь AcetvJct101 і me.stera... е js an emzyn1e ·tьat breaks down acetvJc•101 і ne .in tlre syt1a.pse. DеsєІі е rtJ1e ef�ect of і 1i1J1ibiiU t1g acety]cko]іne. teras.e on rr.he 1nusc1 е се[].. witJh AC•1R type 2. TABLE J. RESPO SE OF ACtiR PROTEINS 'JO DIFFERENТ SПМULI AChR Pro , teiв Туре Acetyl choИne Туре� + Туре2 + icotin.e + і 11dicates зсtі vа·ьон - imdicaJtes no ,11ctivatio11 ,1- Desedptшn (І ,poinl) • Con1inued activarl:ion • Repeated opening of sodium channels OR repeated depolWation OR musc[e spasms