AP Psych Diagrams

Sound Localization Sensory System Source Vision Light waves striking the eye Hearing Sound waves striking the outer ear Touch Pressure, warmth, cold, harmful chemicals Taste Smell Chemical molecules in the mouth Chemical molecules breathed in through the nose Body position-kinesthesia Any change in position of a body part, interacting with vision Body movement-vestibular sense Movement of fluids in the inner ear caused by head/body movement Receptors Rods and cones in the retina Cochlear hair cells (cilia) in the inner ear Receptors (including pain sensitive nociceptors), mostly in the skin, which detect pressure, warmth, cold, and pain Basic taste receptors for sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami Millions of receptors at top of nasal cavities Kinesthetic sensors in joints, tendons, and muscles Hair-like receptors in the ears' semicircular canals and vestibular sacs Key Brain Areas Occipital lobes Temporal lobes Somatosensory cortex (Parietal Lobe) Frontal temporal lobe border Olfactory bulb & Temporal Lobe Cerebellum & Parietal Lobe Cerebellum Feature detection Light Energy Perfect and imperfect vision Information processing in the eye The eye Transduction: Sensory adaptation: Sleep: Split brain: Machines: Name How Does It Work? Electroencephalogram (EEG) Electrodes placed on the scalp measure electrical activity in neurons Magnetoencephalography (MEG) A head coil records magnetic fields from the brain's natural electrical currents Computed tomography (CT) X-rays of the head generate images that may locate brain damage Positron emission tomography (PET) Tracks where a temporarily radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain of the person given it performs a given task Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) People sit or lie down in a chamber that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to provide a map of brain structure. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) Measures blood flow to brain regions by comparing continuous MRI scans Example Symptoms of depression and anxiety correlate with increased activity in the right frontal lobe, a brain area associated with behavioral withdrawal and negative emotion Soldiers with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), compared with those who do not have PTSD, show stronger magnetic fields in the visual cortex when they view trauma-related images Children's brain injuries, shown in CT scans, predict impairments in their intelligence and memory processing Monkeys with an anxious temperament have brains that use more glucose in regions related to fear, memory, and expectations of reward and punishment People with a history of violence tend to have smaller frontal lobes, especially in regions that aid moral judgment and self-control Years after surviving a near plane crash, passengers who viewed material related to their trauma showed greater activation in the brain's fear, memory, and visual centers than when they watched footage related to 9/11 terrorist attacks The brain: Addiction: THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Tolerance and Addiction Learning Objective Question: What roles do tolerance and addiction play in substance use disorders, and how has the concept of addiction changed? Tolerance With continued use of alcohol and some other drugs (but not marijuana), users develop tolerance as their brain chemis-try adapts to offset the drug effect (neuroadaptation). To experience the same effect, users require larger and larger doses, which increase the risk of becoming addicted and develop-ing a substance use disorder. Drinks rarely Big effect Drug effect Little effect Small Response to first exposure After repeated exposure, more drug. is needed to produce same effect Drug dose Drinks frequently Large Addiction Caused by ever-increasing doses of most psychoactive drugs (including prescription painkill-ers). Prompts user to crave the drug, to continue use despite adverse consequences, and to struggle when attempting to withdraw from it. These behav-iors suggest a substance use disorder. Once in the grip of addiction, people want the drug more than they like the drug.¹ 4% of the world's people have an alcohol use disorder. 2 4% The lifetime odds of getting hooked after using various drugs: 9% Marijuana 21% Cocaine 23% Alcohol 68% Tobacco Source: National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions 3 Behavior Addictions Psychologists try to avoid using "addiction" to label driven, excessive behaviors such as eating, work, sex, and accumulating wealth. I'm ADDICTED to cheeseburgers! Yet some behaviors can become compulsive and dysfunc-tional-similar to problematic alcohol and drug use. 5 Behavior addictions include gambling disorder. Internet gaming disorder has been proposed "for further study."6 Some internet users display an apparent inability to resist logging on and staying on, even when this excessive use impairs their work and relationships. 7 Therapy or group support, such as from Alcoholics Anonymous, may help. It also helps to believe that addictions are controllable and that people can change. Many people do voluntarily stop using addictive drugs, without any treatment. Most ex-smokers have kicked the habit on their own.4 Psychological and drug therapies may be "highly effective" for problematic internet use.8 Hypothalamus (brain region controlling the pituitary gland) Thyroid gland (affects metabolism, among other things Parathyroids (help regulate level of calcium in the blood) Testis (secretes male sex hormones) Adrenal glands (help trigger the fight-or-flight response) Pancreas (regulates the level of sugar in the blood) Pituitary gland (secretes many different hormones, some of which affect other glands) Thyroid gland (affects metabolism, among other things) Parathyroids (help regulate level of calcium in the blood) Ovary (secretes female sex hormones) Short wavelength = high frequency (bluish colors) Great amplitude (bright colors) Long wavelength = low frequency (reddish colors) Small amplitude (dull colors) Pituitary Additional rehearsal of verbal information can produce overlearning, which increases retention– especially when practice is distributed overtime. Science practice 248 Apply the concept 249