Foundations of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour Exam Answer Key 7

Question 1 0 / 1 point Which of following scenarios would best support the Geon Theory of object recognition? Tamra is easily able to recognize her coffee mug, but has difficulty recognizing any of her rectangular books or shelves A) after an accident causing brain trauma. B) Ikran is easily able to recognize table and chairs in her kitchen and the face of her family's pet rabbit, Fluffy. C) Beshoy is easily able to recognize his television set, but has difficulty recognizing any of his family's shoes after an accident causing brain trauma. D) Duyen is easily able to recognize her parents' coffee table and her bed sheet that is crumpled at the end of the bed. Question 2 1 / 1 point Which of the following scenarios is most likely utilizing location constancy? Khatira notices that as she changes locations in the theatre to a seat near the back, the screen gets smaller, but she still A) perceives it as being the same size. B) Alton notices that as he changes location, his bookshelf appears to have different dimensions but he still perceives it as being rectangular. C) Jonah's sister is jumping on the couch next to him, causing him to move around, but he still perceives the television to be in the same location. D) Anila notices that her entire location is being tinted blue by the lighted sign above her, but she still perceives her friend's shirt as being yellow. Question 3 0 / 1 point Constantine is participating in a study where he is presented with pairs of objects and asked whether they are the same or different. In one trial, Constantine is presented with a yellow hat producing a retinal image of 10 mm and viewed from the front. The next image is a yellow hat producing a retinal image of 10 mm viewed from the side but further away from Constantine. What is Constantine's most likely response and which perceptual constancies did he use? A) He is likely to say the objects are different, using the size and shape perceptual constancies. B) He is likely to say the objects are the same, using the size and shape perceptual constancies. C) He is likely to say the objects are different, using the shape and location perceptual constancies. D) He is likely to say the objects are the same, using the shape and location perceptual constancies. Question 4 0 / 1 point Which of the following is NOT an example of top-down processing? A) Katrina is more likely to categorize an object as a car if it has has wheels than if it does not have wheels. B) Eric has just watched a commercial about retirement homes, and sees the face of an old woman rather than a young woman in an ambiguous figure. C) Armando believes people are more likely to own a dog as a pet than a cat, so when he sees an animal in front of a house down the street he perceives it to be a dog. D) Wendy is better able to understand a word that is written in messy handwriting when she reads the whole sentence rather than looks at the word alone. FormRecall Question 5 1 / 1 point According to the form perception web module, which of the following statements is correct? A) Location constancy is the ability of the brain to adjust for changes in perspective. B) Colour constancy is the ability of the brain to adjust for changes in amplitude. C) Shape constancy is the ability of the brain to perceive changes in the shapes of objects. D) Size constancy is the ability of the brain to adjust for changes in distance. Question 6 1 / 1 point In describing the organization of the temporal cortex, which of the following is true? A) Columns are arranged parallel to the surface of the cortex, while the layers extend perpendicularly. B) Information regarding the shape, structure and form of the object enters via the dorsal stream. C) Neurons in the temporal cortex respond to more complex stimuli than neurons in primary visual cortex. D) Layers respond to different categories, and columns interpret the features within a category. Question 7 1 / 1 point Which of the following accurately describes the visual abilities of infants? A) Infants at 3 months of age can distinguish between objects based on colour. B) Newborn infants tend to focus on the large, easily visible features of the face, such as the mouth. C) It is not until 4 months of age that infants prefer to look at faces over other objects. D) An infant as young as three months can process objects using the Gestalt principle of closure. FormText Question 8 1 / 1 point Which of the following correct matches the theory of object recognition with a criticism of that theory? A) Template Matching Theory has difficulty explaining the role of top-down processing in interpreting ambiguous stimuli. B) Recognition-by-Components Theory has difficulty accounting for view invariant object recognition. C) Template Matching Theory has difficulty representing many natural objects that have subtle variations in features. D) Recognition-by-Components Theory has difficulty explaining how partially covered objects can still be recognized. Question 9 0 / 1 point According to the textbook, which of the following statements about form perception is most correct? Newborn infants do not immediately prefer face-like stimuli over stimuli with scrambled facial features because they A) can only depend on bottom-up processing of the components. B) Our tendency to perceive an object as having fixed dimensions despite being viewed from different angles is called size constancy. C) Much of gestalt psychology is based on a principle that encompasses the human visual system's bias toward the simplest organization of visual stimuli. D) A person's perception of a visual illusion can be altered by manipulating their expectations, which affects their bottomup processing. FormLL Question 10 1 / 1 point Which of the following is an explanation for the hollow face illusion discussed in Live Lecture? A) The illusion demonstrates a limitation of sensation because of a prior bias to expecting faces to point outward. B) The illusion demonstrates a limitation of sensation because of a prior bias to expecting faces to point inward. C) The illusion demonstrates a limitation of perception because of a prior bias to expecting faces to point outward. D) The illusion demonstrates a limitation of perception because of a prior bias to expecting faces to point inward. Which of the following situations is most likely to occur with damage to the dorsal stream of auditory information? Charlene is unable to utilize differences in amplitude to determine the origin of a comment from one of her students. Seamus is unable to utilize differences in wavelength to determine whether the voice he heard was his sister?s or brother?s voice. Corrin is unable to utilize differences in purity to determine whether it is the violin or the piano playing the music on the radio. Jamie is unable to utilize differences in sound waves to determine whether a bark originates from the Chihuahua next door or the big Rottweiler down the street. Question 2 1 / 1 point Lily is born with a genetic abnormality that prevents hair cells from forming on her basilar membrane. Which of the following best describes why Lily would be unable to hear? A) Auditory stimuli would not be converted to neural impulses. B) The absence of hair cells would prevent any movement of the basilar membrane. C) There would be no vibration of the oval window. D) The basilar membrane would be unable to release neurotransmitters. Question 3 1 / 1 point You have been asked to design a universal communication device that emits an auditory signal to all vertebrates. Since all vertebrates have different auditory mechanisms, what would be the most effective frequency to program your device at? A) 20000 Hz B) 200 Hz C) 2000 Hz D) 20 Hz Question 4 1 / 1 point In attempting to locate a sound coming from the top of a tall building directly in front of her, which auditory localization cues will be most helpful for Brenda? A) Interaural difference in time only B) Interaural difference in intensity only C) Visual cues D) Pinnae Cues AuditionRecall Question 5 1 / 1 point Which of the following correctly describes a segment of the auditory pathway? A) Alternating bands of densely packed and less densely packed air particles interact with the eardrum in the middle ear. B) The three ossicles are responsible for amplifying the initial sound wave before the sound signal is passed to the round window. C) The ear canal widens as it approaches the eardrum to amplify the sound stimulus before reaching the middle ear. D) Inner hair cells do not have a one-to-one connection with afferent fibers but rather connect to a multitude of fibers. Question 6 1 / 1 point Which of the following best describes the component of the auditory pathway from hair cell receptors to the auditory cortex? A) Inner hair cells are thicker and fewer in number than outer hair cells, so they are less influential in auditory processing. B) Neighbouring regions of hair cells send information along the cochlear nerve to neighbouring regions of the auditory cortex. C) Low frequency sounds processed near the oval window will be represented at the opposite end of the auditory cortex from the high frequency sounds. D) The cochlear nucleus can send signals to the cochlear nerve, which transfers EPSPs to either the dorsal or ventral stream. Question 7 Which of the following aspects of sound localization are correct? 1 / 1 point A) The sound shadow produced by the head decreases the intensity of sounds heard by the ear closest to the sound. B) All neurons in the superior olivary complex respond to the interaural time differences in arrival time. C) Pinna cues alter incoming sound wave frequencies to determine the distance to a sound source. D) Sounds directly in front of us are difficult to distinguish from sounds coming from directly behind. AuditionText AuditionLL Question 8 1 / 1 point Research suggests that infants can process musical scales from any culture, but as they age and experience music related to their own culture, the ability to process foreign musical structures is lost. This is due a phenomenon called: A) Tympanic Leveraging. B) Perceptual Narrowing. C) Prosocial Behaviour. D) Perceptual Pruning. 1 / 1 point Question 9 You are running a study on rhythm perception and production that will compare the abilities of musicians and non-musicians on your tasks. Which of the following would not be a consideration that you should keep in mind when designing your experiment? A) Musicians will show less noise-related hearing loss than non-musicians. B) Musicians will likely show higher IQ scores across all subtests of the IQ test. C) Musicians will likely have a better grasp on the spatial arrangement of stimuli. D) Musicians will be likely to outperform non-musicians on rhythm production tasks. 1 / 1 point Question 10 Which of the following is NOT a shared property of the energies we perceive as light and sound? Question 1 A) Amplitude B) Wavelength C) Timbre D) Frequency 1 / 1 point Aidan just ate a big bowl of chocolate chip cookie dough ice cream. Which of the following statements about his body's response to this meal is most correct? A) The sweet taste indicates high glucose content, which is converted to glutamate by insulin released by the liver. B) The sweet taste indicates high glutamate content, which is converted to glucose by insulin released from the pancreas. C) The sweet taste indicates high glucose content, which is converted to glycogen by insulin released from the pancreas. D) The sweet taste indicates high glycogen content, which is converted to glucose by insulin released from the liver. Question 2 Which of the following statements is most correct? 1 / 1 point A) Cholecystokinin is released by the small intestine and is important for regulating long-term energy consumption. B) The brain uses glucose over fat because glycogen provides more calories per gram. C) Short-term mechanisms regulate overall energy balance while long-term mechanisms regulate body weight. D) Leptin levels in the hypothalamus are important for appetite and food consumption reduction. Question 3 0 / 1 point According to the web module, which of the following statements about eating is most correct? A) Leptin plays a role in the cessation of eating behaviour by acting on NPY in the hypothalamus to decrease appetite. B) After eating, CCK produced by the intestines acts on NPY in the hypothalamus to suppress appetite. C) The liver plays an important role on cessation of eating by monitoring glycogen stores and glucose levels in the blood. D) The pancreas causes glucose to be stored as glycogen and then breaks glycogen back down to glucose for use between meals. Question 4 1 / 1 point Which of the following areas was not listed in the web module as an area that processes smell? A) Temporal Lobe B) Orbital Cortex C) Hippocampus D) Frontal Lobe Question 5 1 / 1 point Joey's friends have noticed that when they have dinner, he takes much longer to feel full than everyone else. Which of the following would be most likely to cause Joey's symptoms? A) An excess amount of insulin being produced by Joey's liver B) A shortage of leptin being produced by Joey's adipose tissue C) A shortage of cholecystokinin in Joey's small intestines D) An excess amount of neuropeptide Y in Joey's hypothalamus Question 6 1 / 1 point Craig is attending a holiday potluck. Which of the following is most likely to cause Craig to go back for a second helping of food? A) CCK B) A decrease in blood glucose C) High glucose in the liver D) An NPY inhibitor Question 7 1 / 1 point Phoofy has a lesion in his orbital cortex. Which of the following statements is most correct regarding Phoofy? A) Phoofy will be unable to distinguish between the 5 different tastes. B) Phoofy will experience difficulty identifying flavours of food that he eats. C) Phoofy will be unable to feel the texture of the food he eats. D) Phoofy will experience difficulties ceasing feeding behaviour. Question 8 1 / 1 point Which of the following is correct regarding taste preferences? The theory that eating high calorie foods is an adaptive mechanism has been proven wrong, since high calorie foods are A) bad for our health. B) Humans are born with an innate preference for sweet, sour, salty and bitter food tastes C) Pregnant women are more sensitive to sweet tastes during a time when toxins are more likely harm the fetus. D) Infants are born with a preference for the foods that are most commonly prepared in their culture HungerLL Question 9 1 / 1 point In lecture a study was presented that involved three groups of rats exposed to different diets. Among other things this study demonstrated that which brain systems are involved in responding to food? A) Hippocampal memory areas. B) Serotonergic areas. C) Dopaminergic reward areas. D) Emotion areas of the amygdala. Question 10 1 / 1 point In class we discussed a study investigating the accuracy of self-presentation in online dating profiles. What did researchers find? A) None of these listed options were found. B) Men were more likely than women to give misleading information about their income. C) Women were more likely than men to give misleading information about their height. D) Women were more likely than men to lie about their age. Question 1 1 / 1 point Jamie-Lynn suffers from an unknown psychological disorder, and has described herself experiencing a tremendous amount of anxiety whenever she eats. This symptom began right after she choked on a piece of food several weeks ago. As a result, JamieLynn no longer eats solid food, but has been able to drink meal replacement shakes. Which of the "four D's" best correspond to Jamie's current situation? A) Danger and distress. B) Distress and dysfunction. C) Danger and dysfunction. D) Danger and deviance. Question 2 1 / 1 point According to a behaviourist researcher, what would be the major cause of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)? Ronnie locks his door exactly 33 times before leaving his house every morning because: A) his dog ran away when he was younger and he feels anxious that his current dog will do the same thing. B) he believes that every extra time he locks the door his belongings are more secure. C) it consistently relieves anxiety and mental images about his wife being murdered in a terrible explosion. D) he is anxious that his neighbor will steal some of his belongings since he thinks that she has been eyeing his apartment. Question 3 1 / 1 point Which of the following best describes the purpose of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual? A) To provide broad criteria that assist in assigning a diagnosis to observed symptoms. B) To provide a checklist that allows medical doctors to determine a specific diagnosis. C) To act as a dictionary, allowing researchers to look up words pertaining to mental disorders often used by clinical psychologists. D) To outline the exact method, duration, and severity of treatment for each psychological disorder.