Foundations of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour Exam Answer Key 1

TEST 1: Development 1 & 2 Question 1 1 / 1 point Which of the following best exemplifies dishabituation? A) The return of heart rate to a resting level, such as 70 beats per minute, following the presentation of a novel stimulus. B) The dramatic increase of heart rate to an excited level, such as 120 beats per minute, following prolonged exposure to a stimulus. C) The return of heart rate to a resting level, such as 70 beats per minute, following prolonged exposure to a stimulus. D) The dramatic increase of heart rate to an excited level, such as 120 beats per minute, following the presentation of a novel stimulus. Question 2 0 / 1 point Sally wants to conduct an experiment that tests whether infants can tell the difference between their mother's voice and another female voice. Which of the following methods would be most likely for Sally to use? A) ERP B) Preference Method C) Habituation Method D) High-Amplitude Sucking Method Question 3 1 / 1 point How does the competence-performance distinction affect research conducted on infants and which gene/environment correlation is most influential at this age? A) Infants may fail a task because they lack the physical ability to perform the task; Active correlation. B) Infants may fail a task because they have overprotective parents who will not let them perform the experiment; Passive correlation. C) Infants may fail a task because they do not have the cognitive abilities to complete the task; Evocative correlation. D) Infants may fail a task because they are unable to demonstrate that they have the cognitive abilities to complete a task; Passive correlation. Question 4 1 / 1 point As a child, Iman's parents bought him many books on planets and took him on trips to museums and observatories. As an adult, Iman is a well renowned expert on astronomy and has obtained his PhD in the subject. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon? A) Active genotype-environment correlation B) Passive genotype-environment correlation C) Implicit genotype-environment correlation D) Evocative genotype-environment correlation Question 5 1 / 1 point Which of the following statements most accurately describes monozygotic and dizygotic twins? A) Monozygotic twins have exactly the same genotype and phenotype, whereas dizygotic twins do not. B) Dizygotic twins are less similar genetically than monozygotic twins, but more similar genetically than regular siblings. C) Monozygotic twins begin as the same zygote, whereas dizygotic twins begin as two separate zygotes. D) Monozygotic twins have exactly the same chromosomes and genes, whereas dizygotic twins have exactly the same genes but different chromosomes. Question 6 1 / 1 point Sheena's parents both have very large ears and are curious about what type of ears Sheena will develop. If we assume ear size is a dominant trait, and contributed solely by a single gene pair, how might Sheena's genotype influence the size of her ears? A) If Sheena's mother is homozygous dominant and Sheena's father is heterozygous, Sheena will definitely have large ears. Because Sheena's genotype establishes a range of possible phenotypes and both her parents have large ears, she will B) have above average ear size with the extent depending on the diet and other environmental factors her parents expose her to. C) Since both of her parents have large ears, they must both be homozygous for this dominant trait, meaning Sheena will also be homozygous dominant and will one day have large ears. D) If Sheena's parents are both heterozygous for ear size, she has a 1 in 2 chance of having equally as large ears as her parents, but only a 1 in 4 chance of having even larger ears than her parents. Question 7 1 / 1 point A pointy nose is the dominant trait, and a round nose is the recessive trait. Philip's parents both have round noses, and Kim's parents are both heterozygous with pointy noses. What is the probability that Philip and Kim's children will have a round nose if Kim herself has a round nose? A) 50% B) 100% C) 25% D) 75% DevText Question 8 1 / 1 point Which of the following statements regarding development is most correct? A) Around the 12th postnatal month, we begin to lose many of the synapses we are born with. B) If typical neural development relies on experience, it is said to be experience-expectant. C) Early cataract removal alone is enough to prevent long-term amblyopia. D) At birth, an infant has blurred colour vision, 40 times worse than that of an adult. Question 9 0 / 1 point Which of the following statements regarding development is true? A) Failure of the neural tube to seal in the head of the embryo results in teratogens. B) An embryo is initially resistant to the teratogenic effects of alcohol. C) Failure of the neural tube to seal in the head of the embryo results in spina bifida. D) Senses such as vision and audition are both fairly immature at birth. DevLL Question 10 1 / 1 point As presented in the live lecture, what is the best conclusion on the development of sex type and gender? A) According to the case study, there is likely an influence of sex type for accepting a gender role. B) According to the case study, there is likely an influence of gender role for determining sex type. C) Gender role is independent of social influences and is shaped by biology. D) Sex type is independent of biology and is shaped by social influences. Question 1 Which of the following best exemplifies the canalization principle? A) Babies typically begin teething around 6 months of age. B) IQ scores of monozygotic twins raised apart will be less correlated than those raised together. C) Greg's genes allow for him to grow to a height between 6'1 and 6'4. D) Children learn to speak the language native to the region they live in. 1 / 1 point Question 2 Which of the following correctly exemplifies the range of reaction principle? A) As a child, Stephanie noticed that she and her friends preferred the taste of sugary candy to bitter vegetables. B) Paul inherited a severe genetic disorder that prevents the proper development of his lower limbs. C) Despite being exposed to songs from other species, birds always learn the song of their own species. D) Daniel inherited genes that enhance his tennis abilities, and with proper training, he has the ability to become a professional tennis player. 1 / 1 point Question 3 Raoul is a 62-year-old man who has decided he wants to learn how to play the violin. Raoul is wondering whether this is a feasible task. Which of the following is most true regarding Raoul's goal to play the violin? A) Early input is necessary for development of new synapses required to play violin, meaning Raoul will have an extremely difficult time learning to play violin at the age of 62. B) Because Raoul is at a late age, many of his synapses have already been pruned away. Once he begins the learning process, however, his brain will expect new experiences, and reform synapses. C) This goal will likely result in subtle changes in brain growth if he continues playing violin, because some of his brain growth is dependent on Raoul's experiences throughout his life. D) Raoul will only be able to learn to play the violin if he received some early experience of playing music during his critical period, otherwise this task will be exceedingly difficult. 1 / 1 point Question 4 Which of the following lines of evidence would not support the importance of critical periods for visual development? A) After one year of normal life, Charlie is adopted and visually deprived for a year and is still able to discriminate visual patterns. B) Charlie is visually deprived for the first year of life, and later in life develops the ability to discriminate simple visual patters. C) Charlie is raised in an enriched environment and his monozygotic brother is raised in a deprived environment, and Charlie has more connections between neurons than his brother. D) Charlie is visually deprived for the first year of his life and is now unable to discriminate visual patterns. Which of the following, on its own, would be support for a critical period of development? When a Kitten is visually deprived after the first 6 weeks of life, it experiences no visual impairments upon the A) cessation of deprivation and has vision comparable to kittens of a similar age. B) When earmuffs are placed on a dog's ears to block out sound between 1 and 4 weeks old, they later have impaired hearing abilities compared to normal dogs of the same age. C) When nose plugs are placed on the noses of monkeys between 2 and 4 months old, they can distinguish the smells of a ripe and unripe banana as well as a normal monkey can. D) When eye patches are placed on the eyes of dogs between the ages of 1 and 6 weeks old, puppies initially have impaired vision but the impairment is reversed once the eye patches are removed. Jeremy's father often demonstrates highly aggressive behaviour in response to the slightest criticism. As a child, Jeremy noticed that his mother would constantly compliment his father on everything. Jeremy is concerned that he will behave in a similar manner to his father when he is an adult. Which of the following does this scenario best exemplify? A) Evocative correlations B) Inheritance correlations C) Active correlations D) Interactive correlations Monozygotic twins are raised apart in separate foster homes. Each twin receives the same, normal level of environmental stimulation. Which of the following is most likely? The twins will undergo significantly different experience-expectant brain growth and experience-dependant brain A) growth. B) The twins will undergo similar experience-dependant brain growth and different experience-expectant brain growth. C) The twins will undergo similar experience-expectant brain growth and different experience-dependant brain growth. D) The twins will undergo identical experience-dependant and experience-expectant brain growth. A scientist wants to extend research on the Mozart Effect and compares middle school students’ performance on several cognitive tasks after listening to either white noise or Polynesian folk music. Interestingly, the Polynesian folk music group performs better. Does this support the existence a more general music effect on infant brain development? A) No, the control conditions are still not sufficient to allow a conclusion to be made about infant brain development. B) No, the styles of music are too dissimilar to make a conclusion on infant brain development. C) Yes, the scientist has corrected the earlier problem of only using adult participants allowing a conclusion to be made about infant brain development. D) Yes, the fact that the Mozart Effect replicated with other music should bolster our belief in a general music effect on infant brain development. TEST 2: Evolution 1 & 2 Question 1 1 / 1 point A homogeneous population of 4 leaf clovers is growing in Mitchell's backyard. It is autumn now and leaves have fallen and covered all of the clovers. Without sunlight, the clovers will die. What is likely to happen to the clovers? A) Natural selection will act upon the clover population so that the tallest clovers will survive and reproduce. B) All of the clovers in Mitchell's backyard will die unless the leaves are removed from on top of them. C) Clovers with an adaptive advantage will survive and natural selection will act upon these clovers. D) Individual differences result in differential survivability allowing some clovers to survive and reproduce. Question 2 0 / 1 point A certain genetically similar, eusocial species of animal relies on a single female to produce all of the offspring for the colony. Interestingly, non-reproducers take care of the offspring produced by the single reproducer. What is the most correct explanation for this phenomenon? A) According to the definition of inclusive fitness, the non-producers are actually increasing their individual fitness by helping the reproducer. B) The non-reproducers will benefit from direct fitness because they are helping someone who is genetically similar produce offspring. . C) The non-producers act altruistically and give up their ability to pass on their genes by helping the reproducer pass on hers. D) Hamilton's rule is being satisfied such that reproductive benefits of recipients multiplied by relatedness is less than the cost to the actor. Question 3 1 / 1 point In a certain species of giraffe, neck length is heritable. Most giraffes possess long necks so that they can reach the most nutritious leaves at the top of trees. There are, however, giraffes with slightly shorter necks, unable to reach the tops of the trees and feed on less nutritious leaves at the bottom. During a drought, the leaves at the top of the tree die leaving only leaves at the bottom of the tree where long-necked giraffes are unable to bend down to reach. What will happen to the average neck length in giraffes several generations after the climate has normalized? A) Average neck length will be longer than before the drought. B) Average neck length will be shorter than before the drought. C) Average neck length will be unaffected by climate conditions. D) Average neck length will be the same as before the drought. Question 4 1 / 1 point Yan has packed himself too much food for lunch. According to evolutionary theory, Yan is most likely to share his food with? A) Someone at work who reminds him of his childhood. B) Someone at work who looks like a friend of his. C) Someone at work who looks like his girlfriend. D) Someone at work who smells like his brother. EvoText Question 5 1 / 1 point Which of the following statements about evolution is most correct? A) Natural selection always results in an evolutionary change to a more optimal design of a trait. B) Evolution by natural selection takes place as long as there is variation in a trait within a population. C) Evolution takes many thousands of years to show any significant change in a trait. D) Natural selection cannot take place without the premise that offspring are produced in excess. Question 6 0 / 1 point Which of the following correctly describes the real-world studies conducted on kin recognition in incest avoidance? Members of a "minor" marriage are less likely to remain married as a function of how long the two lived together, but A) those who stay together tend to be as fertile as an average couple. B) Males are more dependent on co-residence as a means of incest avoidance but females are more dependent on phenotypic similarities. C) Individuals with older opposite-sex siblings are more dependent on co-residence as a means of incest avoidance but individuals with younger opposite-sex siblings are more dependent on maternal-perinatal association. D) Individuals who live in the same kibbutzim are less likely to marry a relative raised in the same kibbutz but will marry someone from the same kibbutz that they learned is unrelated.