Foundations of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour Exam Answer Key 6

Question 2 1 / 1 point Jim's house is severely infested by two populations of termites. There are two queen termites that are unrelated to each other that create all the eggs for each colony. Which of the following is most likely true regarding the two populations of termites? A) The termite populations would ignore each other and work for the greater good of their respective groups. B) Each individual termite would gather food for him/herself and not work as a group. C) The termite populations would work together to gather food and resources for the greater good of the group. D) There would be a high level of aggression between the termite populations. 3 Question 3 1 / 1 point Which of the following is true of taste receptors? A) Taste receptors send taste and food texture information to the primary gustatory cortex. B) Taste receptors are responsible for converting a physical stimulus into a chemical stimulus. C) Taste receptors are unable to detect flavor, and instead recruit help from another sensory system. D) We have one type of taste receptor that differentiates between sweet, salty, bitter and sour based on where the taste receptor is located on the tongue 4 Question 4 1 / 1 point If the Nodes of Ranvier did not exist on the axon of a neuron, what would be the most likely consequence? A) Saltatory conduction would continue to occur along the axon. B) Ion channel cascades would become more frequent. C) The action potential would become weaker the farther it travelled along the axon. D) There would be gaps in myelin cells that coat the axon of a neuron. 5 Question 5 1 / 1 point Which of the following correctly describes the function of a structure within the hindbrain? A) The reticular formation is involved in arousal and motivation, and plays a role in posture and equilibrium. B) The medulla is responsible for conscious control of behaviours such a breathing, heart rate and digestion. C) The cerebellum is responsible for generating motor commands, and error correction of motor commands. D) The pons processes some visual information and is responsible for some aspects of emotional processing. 6 Question 6 Which of the following is TRUE regarding visual processing? 0 / 1 point A) The first place that visual processing occurs is in the primary visual cortex of the occipital lobe. B) The dorsal stream identifies where an object is located including its movement and distance. C) All information received by the left eye is processed by the right hemisphere of the brain. D) The extrastriate cortex is all the visual processing areas located outside the occipital lobe. 7 Question 7 Which of the following statement about audition is correct? 1 / 1 point A) The auditory cortex has a topographic organization. B) The basilar membrane narrows as it moves away from the oval window. C) Sound shadow is used to detect location of sounds that are far away. 8 Question 8 1 / 1 point According to the textbook, which of the following statements about colour vision is most correct? Simultaneous contrast is the phenomenon whereby the same colour can appear lighter or darker depending on the A) surrounding colours. B) All deficits leading to dichromatic vision are caused by a gene associated with the X chromosome, making them more common in males than in females. C) Colour processing in the occipital lobe begins with the CO blobs of V1 and then travels to V2 and onwards to the "colour strips" in V4. D) Additive colour mixing refers to combining pigments of colours together, such as with paints. 9 Question 9 1 / 1 point Marge has just encountered a new object in her visual world. She has never seen this object before. According to the templatematching model, which of the following statements is correct? A) An exact match will be found for the object so that Marge is able to classify the object correctly. B) Marge will be unable to compare this object to a template as she has had no experience with it in the past. C) Marge will classify the object based on the ?family resemblance? between the object and a template. D) Marge will match the object to a template of something similar in order to identify the new object. 10 Question 10 1 / 1 point The adaptive hypothesis of depression suggests that depression seems to have been selected for in our evolutionary history and should be thought of as an adaptation rather than a disorder. According to this hypothesis depression may have been selected for because it: Adjusts the balance on monoamines (e.g. serotonin) in a manner that is similar to many prescribed medications (e.g. A) Prozac). B) Serves to facilitate social withdrawal, which allows for complex problem solving. C) Serves to facilitate increased reproductive activity thereby increasing the heritability of depressive disorders. D) Downregulates analysis of trigger problems, which allows for increased social acceptance. Augustine is in an accident where his optic chiasm is severed. Which of the following most accurately describes the effect this accident will have on his vision? A) Augustine will lose all sight from his right visual field. B) Augustine will lose sight processed by the outer portions of both retinas. C) Augustine will lose all sight from his left visual field. D) Augustine will lose sight processed by the inner portions of both retinas. Question 2 1 / 1 point Erin Gold was playing with her friends when she correctly realized that she could perceive shorter light wavelengths than the rest of her friends. Which of the following sets of stimuli had Erin Gold seen to come to this conclusion? A) Erin was able to tell the difference between the colours of two seemingly identical yellow dandelions. B) Erin was able to tell the difference between the level of heat coming off two different bowls of soup. C) Erin was able to tell the difference between a pure red hat and a desaturated red hat. D) Erin was able to tell the difference between the brightness of an intense blue car and a dull blue car. Question 3 1 / 1 point If the human eye were altered so that the bulk of the rods were concentrated in the fovea, and the bulk of the cones were in the periphery of the retina, how would our visual experience change? A) When looking directly at an object, we would have good day vision. B) When looking slightly to one side of an object, we would see in strong detail. C) When looking slightly to one side of an object, we would have good night vision. D) When looking directly at an object, we would better identify colour. Question 4 1 / 1 point Preston was recently in a sporting accident that resulted in significant damage to his lens. Doctors had to paralyze both Preston?s lenses to avoid further damage until a second surgery could be performed. What are the likely effects of having his lenses paralyzed on Preston?s vision? Preston is no longer able to read his favourite book or see his friend across the lecture hall. Preston is blind, being unable to perceive any of the objects in his surrounding environment. Preston is experiencing blurriness of all the objects in his surrounding environment. Preston is not having any issues clearly seeing any objects in his surrounding environment. VisionRecall Question 5 1 / 1 point Which of the following statements regarding the retina is correct? A) Visual acuity in the periphery of the retina is poor due to smaller receptive fields in this area. B) The fovea provides the greatest acuity due to the high density of rods in this area. C) Bipolar cells are important because they facilitate communication within a layer of the retina. D) In dim light conditions, focusing an image on the retinal periphery will not improve colour perception. Question 6 1 / 1 point Which of the following is most characteristic of an 18-month old child's visual capabilities? A) They are able to focus similarly to adults and their visual acuity is fully developed. B) They are unable to focus adequately but their visual acuity is fully developed. C) They are able to focus similarly to adults but their visual acuity is underdeveloped. D) They are unable to focus adequately and their visual acuity is underdeveloped. Question 7 1 / 1 point Which of the following is CORRECT regarding the development of the visual system? A) Newborns have poor visual acuity because of the overabundance of cells in the retina that are not yet activated. B) Random firing of retinal cells during prenatal development is important for the development of a strong lens for visual focusing. C) Visual acuity develops gradually in infants so that they are able to see more and more detail at closer distances. D) Without any visual input, a newborn baby can still develop a normally functioning visual system. VisionText Question 8 1 / 1 point Which of the following statements about photoreceptors is correct? A) A total loss of rods result in a decrease in visual acuity during both light and dark conditions. B) Both cones and rods are depolarized and in their active states in darkness. C) Rods are found throughout the retina in varying concentrations but cones are only found in the fovea. D) During dark adaptation, the rods begin to adapt quicker than cones resulting in an immediate improvement in sensitivity. Question 9 1 / 1 point According to the textbook, which of the following statements about dark adaptation is most correct? Rods are responsible for much of the early dark adaptation but reach a plateau around 4 minutes, where cones then A) continue to adapt until becoming the primary functional cells around 10 minutes after dark exposure begins. B) Rods provide better colour vision and acuity than do cone cells, which explains why as dark adaptation occurs, humans are less able to distinguish between colours or see small stimuli. C) Cones become decreasingly important for low light vision as dark adaptation occurs, so the periphery of the eye provides better night vision than does the fovea around 10 minutes after dark exposure begins. D) Cones are slower to adapt but more prominent around 10 minutes after dark exposure begins because the visual pigment in cone cells regenerates more slowly than the visual pigment in rod cells. VisionLL Question 10 0 / 1 point Which of the following is false regarding the phenomenon of Blindsight? A) Individuals with Blindsight cannot see colour. B) Individuals with Blindsight can both detect objects and adjust their actions based on those objects. C) It is supported by a visual pathway that travels through areas in the tectum and then onto areas in the extrastriate cortex. D) Blindsight can involve both static and dynamic visual scenes. Question 1 0 / 1 point The donut shaped receptive field of a particular ganglion cell possesses opponent colour characteristics such that red light on the centre and green light on the surround cause inhibition. Which of the following scenarios would produce the greatest response in this ganglion cell? A) Green light on the centre and red light on the surround of the receptive field. B) Red light on the centre and green light on the surround of the receptive field. C) Red light on the centre and red light on the surround of the receptive field. D) Green light on the centre and green light on the surround of the receptive field. Question 2 1 / 1 point If the receptive field of a ganglion cell responds in an opponent fashion in which it is excited if blue strikes the middle or yellow strikes the surround, which of the following would produce the weakest response? A) Blue strikes the middle and yellow strikes the surround. B) Yellow strikes the middle and blue strikes the surround. C) Blue strikes both the middle and the surround. D) Yellow strikes both the middle and the surround. Question 3 1 / 1 point What would be the effect on colour perception if a person were afflicted with both tritanopia and protanopia? A) They would not be able to distinguish blue from yellow, with the only functional cones being red cones. B) They would not be able to distinguish blue from yellow, with the only functional cones being blue cones. C) They would not be able to distinguish green from red, with the only functional cones being red cones. D) They would not be able to distinguish between green and red, with the only functional cones being green cones. ColourRecall Question 4 Which of the following is true regarding Trichromatic Theory? 1 / 1 point A) It does not easily explain why it is possible to imagine a blue-green colour but not a red-green colour. B) It proposes that each cone contains a photopigment that is only responsive to one of the 3 primary colours. C) It does not fit with the process of coloured lights adding their dominant colour to the mixture. D) It explains colour processing in the retina and ganglion cells, but not within the visual processing areas of the brain. Question 5 1 / 1 point According to the combined trichromatic theory and opponent process theory, which of the following is true when viewing the colour yellow? A) The red, green and blue cones are activated since both the red-green and the yellow-blue ganglion cells receive a signal. B) The red and green cones send an inhibitory signal to the yellow-blue ganglion cells and a yellow signal is sent to the brain. C) Both the red and green cones send signals to the red-green ganglion cells and the net effect is to send no signal to the brain. D) The green cone sends an excitatory signal to both the red-green and yellow-blue ganglion cells. Question 6 1 / 1 point An object that is painted yellow is correctly perceived as being yellow. According to what you know about visual processing, why is this so? Activation of yellow cones results in an inhibitory signal being sent to the red/green ganglion cells and an excitatory A) signal to the blue/yellow ganglion cells. B) Activation of the red, green and blue cones results in inhibition and excitation of the red/green ganglion cells and excitation of the blue/yellow ganglion cells. C) Activation of red and green cones results in inhibition and excitation of the red/green ganglion cells and excitation of the blue/yellow ganglion cells. D) Activation of red and green cones results in an inhibitory signal being sent to the red/green and an excitatory signal being sent to the blue/yellow ganglion cells. ColourText Question 7 0 / 1 point Which of the following visual phenomena is NOT associated with colour processing in retinal ganglion cells? A) You notice that your sister perceives two yellow stars differently depending on the colour of the wall they are stuck to. B) After having stared at a yellow butterfly for an extended period of time, there appears to be a blue butterfly when you look at your white bedroom wall. C) When asked to imagine a colour intermediate to red and green you are unable to do so, but you can easily imagine a colour intermediate to red and yellow. D) While grocery shopping with your dichromatic best friend, you notice that he has trouble distinguishing red apples from green apples. Question 8 1 / 1 point According to the textbook, which of the following statements about colour vision is most correct? All deficits leading to dichromatic vision are caused by a gene associated with the X chromosome, making them more A) common in males than in females. B) Colour processing in the occipital lobe begins with the CO blobs of V1 and then travels to V2 and onwards to the "colour strips" in V4. C) Simultaneous contrast is the phenomenon whereby the same colour can appear lighter or darker depending on the surrounding colours. D) Additive colour mixing refers to combining pigments of colours together, such as with paints. ColourLL Question 9 1 / 1 point Which of the following provides a complete explanation of how the McCollough effect works? A) There is no satisfactory explanation to how this effect works. B) Green cones become fatigued, resulting in a pink afterimage. C) White/Black opponent cells at the ganglion level become fatigued, producing an afterimage. D) Red/Green opponent cells at the ganglion level become fatigued, producing an afterimage. Question 10 1 / 1 point You are conducting an experiment on facial preferences of human subjects. Which of the following predictions would you make regarding the outcome of your experiment? A) There should be no association between facial colouring and mate-choice preferences. B) Participants will choose faces with pales complexions, as this is a sign of conservative sun exposure, and indicates lower risk of skin cancers. C) Participants will use facial colour as an indirect marker of estrogen production. D) Participants will likely avoid potential mates whose faces appear red, as these individuals are likely to suffer from high blood pressure.