University:
Seton Hall University
Course:
PSYC1219AA | Sports Psychology
Academic year:

2024
Views:

450

Pages:

2
Author:

Andrea B.

Kalat Ch. 2: Synapses Experience Neuropsychology of Religious 1. What triggers an action potential? a. Neuron reaches -65 mV at the axon hillock. b. Happens through postsynaptic potentials or (PSPs) c. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) i. Depolarizations ii. More likely the neuron will fire. d. Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) i. Hyperpolarization’s ii. Less likely the neuron will fire. e. Produced by ions or neurotransmitters. 2. Neural integration/summation a. Combination of EPSPs and IPSPs determine whether an action potential will occur or not b. The Neuron must integrate all incoming signals. c. Occurs at axon hillock. 3. Chemical events at the synapse a. Synthesis- first step-creates the neurotransmitter. i. Amino acids ii. Acetylcholine iii. Serotonin iv. Catecholamines b. Storage- second step- stores until it is needed. i. Vesicles 1. Packet that waits for an action potential c. Exocytosis i. Action potential comes down the axon and the change in electricity moves the vesicles to the presynaptic neuron and releases it into the synaptic cleft. d. Bind to receptor. i. Receptors are specific to neurotransmitters. ii. Can be multiple receptors for one type of neurotransmitter. iii. Neurotransmitters produce EPSP or IPSP on postsynaptic membrane. 1. Depends on the synapse. 2. Types of receptors: ionotropic a. Neurotransmitter binds to receptor. b. Receptor change’s structure c. Ions move through channel. 3. Types of receptors: metabotropic a. Neurotransmitter bids to receptor linked to G protein. b. The subunit of G protein breaks away. c. Subunit can i. Cause EPSP or IPSP ii. OR trigger release of a second messenger 1. Diffuses through cytoplasm, has varying effects. d. Deactivation i. Prevents the neurotransmitter from repeatedly activating receptor. ii. Diffusion- floating away, wanders away. iii. Enzymatic deactivation/degradation 1. Break down and break down the acetylcholine molecules into bits and cannot activate the receptors. iv. Reuptake 1. Done by transporters on presynaptic membrane. 4. Neurochemicals a. Neurotransmitters i. Chemicals that communicate across synapses ii. Relatively well defined iii. Local communication- two neurons talking to each other. b. Neuromodulators i. Chemicals that diffuse away ii. Longer distance communication c. Neurohormones i. Chemicals in the blood that can affect the brain ii. Long distance communication