Cancer Boutations lead to cancer. 1 Pelo oncagen Dominant mutalion Ras, тус (TSG) • Tomer suprasorgent Recesive mutalion. RB, p53, pten. 3 Caretaker gene (CTG) Repair gene XP ↓ XPC-scan for the nt damage xPf-sleave@send. XPG-Cleaves'end. Asingle mutation leading to cancer in arare event → multiple mutation required to progres cancel → Diseasesymptons →compared to other disease cancer is very common. exhibitedin the laterstage Of life-affer reproductive age. → Dateral selection. reproductive age isually eliminate the mutations before the Based on tinue origin Carcinoma - Ecdo deim, endoderm (Epithelium) most common Sarcoma Mexoderm muscle (connective tissues → Tumour cell & bouboer se many motations Point mutation Petetion Translocation Extra Copy of Chromosome ebange in cells that cause carxer Sustain Proliferative signalling Evade growth supresons. Activate invasion ond metastasis Enable replicalive immortality Induce congiogenesis Resist Cell death katores of Carxer Cell: → has well differentialed →high nudear cytoplasm sation → Different appearance of different protein composition Unuwal energy generating mechonirm. Oxidative phosphorylation -03 aneorobic glycolysis Cancer cell aneorobic glycolysis even ahsense of favour aerobic ong glycolysis oxicative ↓ phosphorylativo Glucose 4mdAT Aerobicglycosis Lactate 02 CO2 Pyrovate •"presence of af Warberfffect - Acubicglycolysis. Rate of ATP production is bigh and can proliferate rapidly. ley ~ 36 mod @mdATP/modglucoe ATP/Glucose Some carxes Progression due to motation of metabolic enzyme. socitrate socitrate debydingemace (normal) dehydrogenase (mutated) TET DNA 2hydroxy hydroxyمجه ا glutarate Cysario-CH 1 HMT gutarate Hirfone demeltylase (skin) Prolo oncogene TS gene TS (Hska, top(3)

Cancer, Features and Metastasis

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