Common Diseases and Conditions Found in Routine Screenings

Common Diseases and Conditions Found in Routine Screenings 1. Hypertension: high blood pressure; 140/90 and above a. Causes: smoking, overweight and obesity, excessive alcohol consumption, stress, age, excess salt intake, lack of physical activity b. Symptoms: headache, chest pain, irregular heartbeat, fatigue, difficulty breathing c. Problems: heart attack, heart failure, kidney failure, stroke, vision impairment d. Treatment: weight loss, smoking cessation, physical activity, drug therapy, healthy diet (see a dietitian!) e. Why worry? Hypertension means the heart is working harder than it should to pump blood. It can lead to hardening of the arteries or heart failure. 2. Blood Pressure: the force of blood against blood vessel walls; measured systolic/diastolic a. Systolic: top number; pressure exerted when the heart contracts; should be less than 120mmHg b. Diastolic: bottom number; pressure on arteries when heart is resting; should be less than 80mmHg c. Low blood pressure (hypotension) is also a concern; it can be a sign of infection, dehydration, heart failure, and other illnesses. 3. Overweight and Obesity a. Associated Problems: insulin resistance (pre-diabetes), Type II Diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, stroke, heart attack, congestive heart failure, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea b. Causes: overeating, slow metabolism, genetics, lack of physical activity, certain diseases, stress c. Treatment: diet therapy (see a dietitian!), physical activity; surgical weight loss in extreme cases d. Why worry? Overweight and obesity have a myriad of health concerns associated with them, including heart problems, diabetes, sleep apnea, liver and kidney disease, and even cancer. Contracting any of these diseases can shorten life expectancy drastically. 4. Underweight: having a BMI less than 18.5 a. Causes: high metabolism, poor nutritional intake, stress, genetics, excessive physical activity, certain diseases b. Associated Problems: anemia, bone loss, osteoporosis, weakened immunity, trouble regulating body temperature, amenorrhea and increased risk of infertility and miscarriage in women c. Treatment: treat the underlying cause; increase caloric intake; reduce physical activity d. Why worry? Being underweight despite consuming an adequate diet may be due to certain diseases, such as Celiac, so understanding the cause of underweight is critical to health. Often, people are not aware that being underweight poses many of the same health risks that being overweight does. Finally, underweight individuals, especially women in their teens and twenties, may be at risk for eating disorders. 5. Diabetes: In type 2 diabetes, the body does not produce enough insulin, or the cells do not respond to insulin. Insulin is a hormone needed by the body to process sugar (glucose), so if insulin isn’t functioning right, glucose builds up in the blood a. Cause: partially genetic; also influenced by high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity or overweight, and an inactive lifestyle. African Americans and Hispanic Americans are at a greater risk than non-Hispanic white people b. Symptoms: excessive thirst, urination, and eating, fatigue, poor wound healing, infection, altered mental status due to the buildup of glucose in the blood, and blurry vision; blood sugar levels of over 200 mg/dL c. Treatment: increased exercise, weight loss, improvement in diet i. Most patients consult a dietitian for dietary help; eat a diet high in fiber, low in saturated fats, and low in sugars; eat at consistent times to prevent blood sugar spikes and dips d. Tests: Diabetes is often spotted through fasting blood glucose tests, urinalysis, and routine blood tests e. Why Worry? Type 2 Diabetes decreases the life expectancy of patients by 5-10 years, and heart disease is the leading cause of death. i. Complications include kidney disease, retinal deterioration, nerve damage (which can even lead to foot and leg amputations), heart attack, and stroke 6. Anemia: having low amounts of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood a. Cause: genetics, blood disorders, bleeding/blood loss, chemotherapy, colon cancers, gastrointestinal bleeds, kidney failure; there is no one, main cause of anemia; more women are anemic than men because of their menstrual cycles b. Symptoms: fatigue, easily tired, pale, abnormal heart beats, short of breath c. Treatment: treat the underlying cause of the anemia; some patients will need additional B12 injections or extra iron d. Tests: The CBC usually detects anemia e. Why Worry? In patients with anemia, there aren’t enough red blood cells to carry oxygen through the body, so the body becomes oxygen-deficient. This leads to the symptoms of fatigue, paleness, and shortness of breath. 7. High Cholesterol: aka hypercholesterolemia (high-cholesterol-in-blood) a. Cholesterol is a fatty substance found in cells and in the blood. The amount of cholesterol present depends on dietary intake and cholesterol production by the liver. There are two main kinds of cholesterol—LDL (Bad cholesterol) and HDL (good cholesterol) b. “High cholesterol” refers to having too much LDL cholesterol in the blood c. Causes: genetic factors, diet and exercise habits, overweight and obesity, stress, excessive alcohol consumption, and age and gender d. Why worry? LDL can build up inside the arteries—atherosclerosis—leading to increased risk of heart disease and stroke. e. Treatment: loosing excessive weight, eating a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, and exercising. If needed, medications are prescribed to lower LDL cholesterol f. Test: blood lipid profile and fasting blood cholesterol tests Extra Definitions and Tests 1. Pulse: Pulse: high due to exercise, anemia, fever, hyperthyroidism, heart disease, asthma medications, stress, or drugs such as caffeine, weight loss pills, nicotine, and amphetamines a. Low due to: heart disease, heart medications, high level of fitness, hypothyroidism b. Weak due to: blood clot, heart disease, heart failure, blood vessel disease c. Normal for ages 11-adult: 60-100; 40-60 in athletes 2. BMI: Body Mass Index a. Formula: weight in kg / (height in meters) squared b. Assessment: <18.5 is underweight; 18.5-24.9 is normal; 25-29.9 is overweight; 30 or greater is obese 3. Urinalysis: physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of the urine a. Used to screen for early signs of disease b. Results: in normal urine, there is no blood, glucose, ketones, protein, or bilirubin c. Abnormal results: i. Protein in urine may indicate fever, hard exercise, pregnancy, and kidney diseases ii. Blood in urine may indicate kidney disease, urinary tract injury, bleeding disorders, and certain cancers iii. Glucose in urine may indicate uncontrolled diabetes iv. Abnormal pH values may indicate renal failure, vomiting, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, starvation, and diabetic ketoacidocis 4. Mole Check: used to check for irregularly shaped, colored, or growing moles that may be cancerous 5. CBC: Complete Blood Count a. WBC count: increased (leukocytosis) may be due to leukemia, infection, inflammation, trauma, or stress; decreased (leucopenia) may be due to chemotherapy, radiation, or immune system disease b. WBC differential: looks at the types of WBC-- including lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils c. RBC count: high may be due to congenital heart disease, dehydration; low may be due to anemia, bleeding, kidney disease, bone marrow failure, or malnutrition d. Hemoglobin: amount of oxygen carrying proteins in the blood v. High due to dehydration, lung disease, or other conditions vi. Low levels can lead to anemia and may be due to low iron intake, excessive bleeding, kidney disease, sickle cell anemia e. Hematocrit: amount of space red blood cells take up in the blood; used to evaluate anemia, dehydration, and other severe conditions f. Platelet count: used to diagnose a bleeding disorder or bone marrow disease 6. CMP: Comprehensive Metabolic Panel; used to evaluate organ function and check for diabetes, liver and kidney disease, and others a. Glucose: high due to prediabetes, diabetes, stress, heart attack, stroke, Cushing’s Disease, certain medications, some cancers, or excessive growth hormone b. c. d. e. f. g. vii. Low due to Addison’s Disease, hypothyroidism, pituitary tumor, liver or kidney problems, malnutrition, or diabetes medications Calcium: high due to dehydration, hyperparathyroidism, Addison’s Disease, kidney or liver problems viii. Low due to: low magnesium, pregnancy, low albumin levels, bone problems, calcium malabsorption, hypoparathyroidism Albumin: high due to kidney or liver problems, dehydration, autoimmune diseases, or blood diseases ix. Low due to: malnutrition, burns, liver or kidney disease, hyperthyroidism, malabsorption, or uncontrolled diabetes Total Protein: high/low reasons similar to albumin (albumin is a serum protein) Electrolytes (sodium, potassium, CO2, chloride) x. High due to: dehydration, high levels of some hormones xi. Low due to: overhydration, vomiting/diarrhea, excessive sweating Creatinine and Blood Urea Nitrogen xii. High due to: kidney damage, high blood pressure, diabetes, Addison’s Disease, high-protein diet xiii. Low due to: malnutrition, liver damage, cirrhosis, and pregnancy Liver tests: High due to: bone diseases, liver problems, heart disease xiv. Low due to: malnutrition