Supra Molecules - Course Note

Supra Molecules Any organized system of two more moleudes held together by intermolecular forces. colloids liquid crystal bio molecular condensates, nicelles and biolological membranes are example of supra molecular assemblies and their ecalm of Study is Known as Supra molecular chemistry. A Supra molecule is formed it is a well defined distinct system generated through Inte- ractions beliveen a molecule (receptor or host) having convergent binding sites such as donor atoms, site for formation of Hydrogen bonds, sites for formation of Hydrogen Bonds. and sizable cavity and another molecule having divergent Binding sites such as Hydrogen The example of Supra molecule ic DNA. One Such DNA polymer composed of that coil around Helix The polymes each Carries 2 polynucleotide chann other to form a double genetic instination for the development, functioning and Reproduction ol all known organiam and many Vinises. The they 2 DNA Strands are known are composed of Simpler called nucleotides as polynucleotides as inonomeric units Each nucleotide is nning cytosine (E) composed of 1 of 4 nitrogen contai- guanine (g), adenine (A) and thymine (1) and a Sugar called deoxyribose and a phosphate group another in a chain The chain Dire joined to one by covalent bonds known Between the Sugar of one of next, scorilting in جه thosphodiester linkage nucleotide and the phosphate an alternating Sugar-phosphate backbone Both strande of DNA store the same biological information. This information is replicated when 2 Strands Separate The 2 strands of DINA to each other and run in opposite directions are thes antiparellel →Sequence of these fore nucleobinees along the back home that encades genelic informacion →RNA Strands template ane ucatial using DNA strande as a called beanscripteas a Process DINA place replication in prokaryotes take place in following • 2 strands of DNA unwind at the origin of Replicatio Helicuse opens famed DND around of DNA the DNA المسيه are replication fonks coated by Single-strand binding protiens the replication fork to • RNA primers are Synthesized by primare • DNA polymerase 11 starts adding nucleotices at the end of the primers • the leading and lagging strande continue to elongate • The primers with DNA Wer of DINA removed and the gape ane filled polymerase I and Scaled by ligare. used every much now-a-days for gomatic methods have been Such develop to purify phenol-chlorofoam manipulate it in laboraratory digert and the PCR engineering DUA from organisms extraction and to Such as restriction Madun Biology and biochemistry make intensive we of these techniques in recombinant DNA technology. The genetically modified organisms produced can be ward to produce products used in medical research, or Such recombinant protrias, be grown in agriculture The other example of Supramolecule is Ribosomes A ribosome complex molecular machine found inside the lining cell that from acid protein synthesis during produce prolans process Called a It is Specialized cell organelle found in prokaryotes and alvo i eukaryotes Emery living cell reajunes sibocomes for productop of proteins It also functions by binding to miRNA and duoding information carried by the nucleotide Sequence of mRNA- 14 ribosome is a also known aus hane 70s ribosome complex of RNA and protein and sibonucleoprotein prokaryotes Protein Synthers!- Protein synthesis take place in ribosomes. This process is diwicked in 2 steps 1. Transcription is the process by which mokule of messenger RNA gene in DNA produced that is complementary to a RNA polymuen is an important enzyme thes proven RNA polymerase attacher and bagens joimming complemulany ribrose nucleotides to the sand of ONA stands RONA beanscript is bacteria can be inmediately funchomas messenger RNA (MRNAS) 2- Translation process by which at bosomes using transcribed mRNA protein assembled genetic information from • Autother tyre of RNA known as for translation beansfer RNA (t Kona) exquind •it alligns the different amino acids coded for mRNA. So that polypeptide can be formed. other impatant function of ribosome include- assemble essential are amino acids to form pedtuns that ما The Cauyout cellular functions protein synthesized in wilized in the arc the cytoplasse ane cytopalem itself synthesized by bound transported ribosomes outside the Cell. the proteinis ONE the DNA transcription produces mRNA by the procen ob Vims as Supra molecule Another example ith Supra molente in Vine:- Virus belong to fascinating class of national Supramolecular strictiner, composed of multiple copies of inte from coat protein (cps) that assemble different shapes 10 to with variety of sizes hundreds of nanometers. Because of these advantages including Virus are that Capsid. are bundles of enclosed nudei acid DNA or RNA protein shell known as by Advant age • Because of Conomic as Supra molecule- then advantages including bumple/ ction, well defined structand fortene production unique shape and sizes, genetic programuon- ability and and robust Vis chemistrues, recently Vinace like nanoparticles (VIP) have been med widely in biomedical applications and material Synthesis The metals in mono disperse vinus could clinct the growth of ar inorganic mattuale, finding applications Hyplioget, dung delivery and opto clectronic avd Catalysa matinal