Semi-solid Preparations

SEMI-SOLID PREPARATIONS 1. Basic Competencies Students are able to carry out administrative reviews of recipes and pharmaceutical suitability and make semi-solid preparations, namely ointments, pastes, creams and gels. 2. Practicum Objectives This practicum aims to introduce types of semi-solid recipes (ointments, pastes, creams and gels) and train practitioners to study recipes and make the preparations into appropriate forms. 3. Description of Theory A. Ointment According to the Indonesian Pharmacopoeia Ed. III, ointment is a semi-solid preparation that is easy to apply and use as an external medicine .Description : must not smell rancid Rate : unless otherwise stated and for ointments containinghard drugs or narcotic drugs, the drug level is 10% Ointment Basic: unless otherwise stated, as the base material usedwhite vaseline. Depending on the nature of the medicinal substance and the purpose of use, one of the following basic ingredients can be chosen: a. The base of the ointment is a hydrocarbon compound, for example white vaseline, yellow vaseline, or a mixture thereof with yellow wax or with white wax, or with other suitable hydrocarbon compounds. b. Basic absorbent ointments, which can absorb water, include: adeps lanae, lanolin, unguentum simplex (a mixture of 30 parts of yellow wax and 70 parts of sesame oil), hydrophilic petrolatum. c. The ointment base can be washed off with water, for example O/W type emulsions such as vanishing cream and emulsifying ointment BP d. Water-soluble ointment base, for example polyethylenglycol ointment USP (mixture of PEG 4000 40% with PEG 400 60%).Test the homogeneity of the ointment preparation. When applied to a piece of glass or other suitable transparent material, it should show a homogeneous formation. The labeling on the label must say "External Medicine". General rules for making ointments: 1. Medicinal ingredients that can be dissolved in the ointment base mixture, dissolved in it if necessary with low heating. 2. Medicinal ingredients that do not dissolve in the ointment base, are made into fine powder no. 100 then crushed with half to the same weight as the ointment base. 3. Medicinal ingredients that are easily soluble in water and stable, and the ointment base is able to absorb the water, are first dissolved in water, the solution is added little by little into the ointment base. The water used is reduced by the ointment base. 4. The basic ingredients for ointments made by heating/melting in a water bath must be melted/melted first. Once melted, always stir until cool. B. Pasta Ointments that contain more solid medicinal ingredients than the ointment base so that their consistency is somewhat rougher than ointments are called pastes..The method for making this paste is almost the same as the general rules for making ointment. Because there are as many or more solid ingredients compared to the ointment base ingredients, this can be done by first melting/liquefying the ointment base ingredients, after melting they are immediately stirred with the ground solid medicinal ingredients. C. Cream Cream is a semi-solid preparation in the form of a thick emulsion containing not less than 60% water, intended for external use. This type of cream consists of: a. Water in Oil (W/O) or Water in Oil (W/O) type cream b. Oil in Water (O/W) or Oil in Water (W/O) type cream To make cream, you need an emulsifier or surfactant. For water-in-oil type creams, polyvalent soap emulsifiers, span, adeps lanae, cholesterol, cera are used. Meanwhile, to make a deep oil type creamwater is used as tween emulgator, Na. lauryl sulfate, egg yolk, gelatin, casseinum, CMC, pectinum, emulgid. To stabilize the cream, the antioxidant and preservative nipagin (0.12%-0.18%) or nipasol (0.02%-0.16%) can be added. The general rules for making cream are as follows: 1. The cream base must be made first (finished form), only then can the medicinal ingredients be ground with the finished base.2. The rules in Ointments do not apply to Creams. So even though there are drugs that are easily soluble in water, you don't need to dissolve them, just grind them until smooth then add the base, grind until homogeneous. Making the cream base is as follows: 1. Made into 2 phases, namely the oil phase (melted) and the water phase (dissolved). 2. Semi-solid and solid materials such as wax (vaseline, cera, as. stearate, solid paraffin, cetyl alcohol, sponge) are melted together in a water bath. 3. Materials in liquid form and solid materials in powder form (tween, TEA, propylene glycol, nipagin, Na. tetraborate) are dissolved in hot water. The two phases are mixed hot and then stirred until a creamy mass forms. D. Gel According to the Indonesian Pharmacopoeia V (2014), gel preparations, sometimes called jellies, are semisolid systems consisting of suspensions made from small inorganic particles or large organic molecules, which are penetrated by a liquid. If the gel mass consists of a network of small discrete particles, the gel is classified as a two-phase system (e.g. Aluminum Hydroxide Gel). In two-phase systems, if the particle size of the dispersed phase is relatively large, the gel mass is sometimes expressed as magma (e.g. bentonite magma). Both gel and magma can be thixotropic, forming semisolids if left untreated and becoming liquid upon agitation.Gelling agentis a natural or synthetic gum, resin or other hydrocolloid that can be used in gel formulations to maintain liquid and solid constituents in a smooth gel form. Some examplesgelling agentnamely CMC-Na, methyl cellulose, alginic acid, sodium alginate, potassium alginate, calcium alginate, agar, carrageenan, locust bean gum, pectin and gelatin