BIOLOGY CELL CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Cell biology is a branch of biology that studies cells is a collection of the simplest materials and is the basis of life and how the structure and function of cells work in life. Things learned in Cell biology includes the properties of cells such as cell structure and organelles found in them in cells, cell function, cell development and evolution, cell division, and death cell. These things are studied well on a microscopic scale that is observed using microscopes, and Cell Biology studies both single-celled organisms such as bacteria and multicellular organisms such as humans. In knowledge of the similarities and differences between cell structure and Organelles and cell functions are important things to study. Life on cellular level arises from structural order, which strengthens the cell structure, Cell organelles and cell function. In studying Cell Biology, students are expected to: can stimulate and develop microscopic representation abilities, scientific reasoning, drawing skills, analytical thinking, as well as broadening students' insight into related life phenomena with structure, function, and the relationship between cell structure and function. To be able to To study the concept of Cell Biology, students must have the ability logical representation and reasoning, analytical thinking, and strong imagination Discussions in Cell Biology relate to cell structure and organelle function cells, cell plasma membranes, metabolism, cell division, and transport of substances in Membranes and cell abnormalities are some of the materials that are difficult to explain to students. Because the material is abstract, it is difficult for students to understand concepts about cells, their relationships and cell functions. Albinism is a condition that cannot be treated or cured, however Several small things can be done to improve the quality of life. Albinism It can be suffered by anyone and any ethnic group in the world. Not apart from a certain gender or social status. Although this disease cannot cured, this condition does not prevent the sufferer from being able to live life normal. Skin color disorders in which the pigment melanin is absent causes Albinism sufferers become more vulnerable when exposed to sunlight, and can causes skin cancer if exposed frequently. Abnormalities in albinism sufferers It's also about their eyesight that albinos tend to have problems with vision, so they cannot see like normal humans. 1.2 Problem Formulation 1. What is the history of cell biology? 2. What is a red-eyed albino? 3. What causes humans to experience red eyes? 1.3 Objectives 1. To know the history of cell biology 2. To find out what red-eyed albinism is 3. To see the cause of albino red eyes 1.4 Benefits So that the contents of this paper can explain cell biology, eye albinism red and the cause. And the contents of this paper will be useful for both the writer and the author reader. CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Cell Biology Cell Biology deals with cell structure and function of cell organelles, cell plasma membranes, metabolism, cell division, and transport of substances across membranes as well as cell disorders This is some material that is difficult to explain to students. In the learning Cell Biology, students are expected to be able to stimulate and develop microscopic representation abilities, scientific reasoning (scientific reasoning), drawing skills, analytical thinking, and expanding horizons students about life phenomena related to structure, function, and the relationship between cell structure and function. To be able to learn the concept of Cell Biology Students must have the ability to represent and logical reasoning, analytical thinking, as well as a strong imagination. Saptono. also believes that there are still many students who do not able to understand the material contained in Cell Biology learning. This matter This is because students are not able to develop the ability to think answer a problem. Students memorize more concepts that occurs in cells rather than finding the relationship between cell organelles and function cell organelles. Educators should guide students actively in building the relationship between Cell Biology concepts and their relationship to life everyday, for example for health problems such as cell abnormalities in organelles mitochondria, lysosomes, and Golg apparatus. In terms of discussion, understanding, mastery of why and how the processes that occur in Cell Biology are required thinking process abilities, including microscopic representation abilities and scientific reasoning. 2.2 Albinos Albino (from Latin albus which means white), also called hypomelanism or Hypomelanosis, is a form of hypopigmentary congenital disorder. Characteristic Typical is loss of melanin pigment in the eyes, skin and hair (or more rarely only on the eyes). Albinism arises from a combination of recessive genes. The characteristics of an albino are: have skin and hair that is abnormally milky white or pale white and has irises pink or blue with red pupils (not all). Albino disease is caused by an inherited deficiency of the enzyme tyrosinase genetic and can also be caused by interbreeding between living things produces a recessive homozygous gene. The tyrosinase enzyme that can cause no the formation of pigments in living creatures, especially in humans which causes no pigment formation in skin and hair. This disease cannot be cured because Albinism is a disease inherited by genes. Albinism is a congenital skin pigmentation disorder, this disorder is caused by due to lack or absence of melanin pigment in the skin. This situation is genetic or inherited. Albinism is purely a genetic disorder, not a disease infection and cannot be transmitted through physical contact or through blood transfusions. Actually, albinism is a disease that combines recessive genes in parents and becomes a gene dominant in their children. Recessive genes themselves are genes that do not appear in us while dominant genes are genes that appear in us and become our physical characteristics We. If a person has one gene for normal and for pigmentation one gene for albinism, he will have enough genetic information to make normal pigment and will not suffer from the disease. When both parents carry the gene and neither if one of them has albinism (carrier), then there is a 25% chance that the baby will die will be born with albinism. This type of inheritance is called autosomal recessive inheritance. The number of people with albinism throughout the world varies. Albino in Tanzania, Africa East, is the country that has the most Albinism sufferers in the world, namely approx 200,000 people. This is the same as more sufferers in other countries. For the most part In the country, people with albinism are only around 1 person per 20,000 population. Meanwhile in Denmark, around 1 person suffers per 60,000 population. And in Africa, 1 person suffers albino. 2.3 Classification of Albinos According to Elrod (2002), in general, there are 2 types of albinism, namely: 1.Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) This type of albino is the albino that we often encounter in albino sufferers. That is loss of pigment in the eyes, skin and hair a. OCA 1 is a disorder resulting from a mutation in gentyrosinase found in chromosome 11. Several types of mutations in the tyrosinase gene are responsible to produce 2 types of OCA 1 (OCA 1A and OCA 1B). Mutations are possible resulting in inactive/non-tyrosine (null mutation) or in enzyme production tyrosine that has reduced activity from normal (leak mutation. Most Individuals with OCA1 have white hair, milky white skin, and blue irides at birth. The irides can be very light blue and translucent, so the entire iris Appears pink or red in ambient or bright light. b. OCA 2 (tyrosine-positive OCA) is the most common type of albinism in all races. The phenotypic spectrum of OCA2 varies, ranging from absent pigmentation Pigmentation is almost normal. Although the tyrosinase gene is normal, most people Type 2 albinos do not have black pigment (eumelanin) in their skin, hair, or eyes at birth. As a result, pigment is almost absent at birth, thus it is sometimes differentiated from OCA1. c. OCA 3 (formerly known as red/rufous OCA) is caused by a mutation in humans the gene coding for TRP-1. In humans, the formation of TRP-1 not 45 fully understood. However, it acts as a protein regulator in the production of black melanin (eumelanin). With mutation, a dysregulation Next, tyrosinase occurs, and brown pigment is synthesized instead of black pigment. 2. Oscular Albinism Albino This type only loses pigment in the eyes, while in the hair and skin they are normal. But there are also those who have normal eye color appearance even though their eyes cannot function properly. 2.4 Characteristics of Albino Disease Characteristics of Albinos (Suryo, 2000) are as follows: a.Loss of melanin pigment in the eyes, skin, and hair (or more rarely only on the eyes). b.b. Skin and hair are abnormally milky white or pale white and has pink or blue irises with red pupils Some symptoms of albinism (Suryo, 2000) are as follows: a.The skin is too sensitive to sunlight, so it burns easily. b.Nystagmus, namely irregular and rapid eye movement in a pattern circular. c.Strabismus (crossed eyes or lazy eyes). d.Errors in refraction include myopia, hypertrophy, and astigmatism. e.Photophobia, hypersensitivity to light. f.Foveal hypoplasia, namely underdevelopment of the fovea (middle part of the retina). g.Optic nerve hypoplasia, namely underdevelopment of the optic nerve. h.Abnormal decussation (crossing) of optic nerve fibers in chiasma optician. i.Amblyopia, decreased acuity of one or both eyes due to poor vision transmission to the brain, often due to other conditions such as strabismus. 2.5 Handling Albinos a. Sun Protection Albino sufferers are required to use sunscreen when exposed to sunlight to protect premature skin or skin cancer. b. Visibility Help Some people with albinism are well suited to using bifocals (with lenses). strong for reading), while others are more suited to reading glasses. Sufferers can also wear colored contact lenses to prevent transmission light through the iris. c. Eye Surgery Strabismus surgery may change the appearance of the eyes. Surgery Nystagmus may reduce excessive eye rotation. The effectiveness of all of these procedures varies by individual. But you have to It is known that surgery will not return the fovea to its normal condition improve binocular vision CHAPTER III CLOSING 3.1 Conclusion Cell biology deals with cell development, the structure of various types of cells, function and interaction of cell organelles, structure and function of membrane systems in cells, systems Energy transduction in eukaryotic cells, cycle and division mechanisms cell. The discussion is followed by topics on molecular structure and interrelationships proteins, DNA and RNA, structure and molecular organization of chromosomes, mechanisms DNA repair and recombination replication, gene expression regulation mechanisms, and etc. Albinism is caused by a genetically inherited deficiency of the enzyme tyrosinase and it can also be caused by interbreeding between living things produces a recessive homozygous gene. The tyrosinase enzyme that can cause no the formation of pigments in living creatures, especially humans causes the formation of pigment in the skin and hair. This disease cannot be cured cure it because albinism is a disease inherited by genes. 3.2 Suggestions It is hoped that this paper can remind readers in general and writers in particular that issues regarding cell biology need to be studied, because in a way We indirectly know about the latest issues that are currently happening.