Clinical Pharmacy Study Resources

CLINICAL PHARMACY Leukocytes: Definition: Leukocytes are white blood cells produced by hemopoietic tissue which function to help the body fight various infectious diseases as part of the immune system. Other name :White blood cell Purpose of Knowing:Leukocyte examination is carried out to determine abnormalities in white blood cells which are responsible for the body's immunity, evaluate bacterial and viral infections, toxic metabolic processes and white blood cell malignancies. Normal Value: Newborn baby 9000-30,000/mm3 Babies/Children 9000-12,000/mm3 Mature 4000-10,000/mm3 SGOT: Definition:SGOT (Serum Glutamic Oxoloacetic Transaminase) is a transaminase enzyme, which is found in serum and tissues, especially the liver and heart. High SGOT release in serum indicates damage to heart and liver tissue. Other name :AST /Aspartate Aminotransferase Purpose of Knowing:To detect lactose intolerance by giving lactose to drink. Normal Value: Man up to 37 U/L Woman up to 31 U/L SGPT: Definition:SGPT (Serum Glutamic Pyruvik Transminase) is a transaminase enzyme which is normally found in body tissues, especially the liver. An increase in blood serum indicates trauma or liver damage. Other name :ALT (alanine aminotransferase) Purpose of Knowing:to check for liver damage. Normal Value: Man Up to 42 U/L Woman Up to 32 U/L Urea: Definition:Ureum is the end result of protein metabolism. Derived from amino acids whose ammonia has been transferred in the liver and reaches the kidneys, and is excreted on average 30 grams a day. Other name :BUN (blood urea nitrogen) Purpose of Knowing:Fordetect kidney problems Normal Value:Normal blood urea levels are 20 mg – 40 mg per 100 ccm of blood. Creatine: Definition:Creatine is the end product of muscle creatine metabolism and creatine phosphate (protein) is produced in the liver. Found in skeletal muscle and blood, excreted in urine. The increase in serum was not influenced by food and fluid intake. Other name :2-(carbamidoyl-methylamino) methylguanidinoacetic acid, Creatine, N-amidinosarcosin. acetic acid, Purpose of Knowing:To detect kidney disorders Normal Value: Man 0.6 – 1.3 mg/dL Woman 0.5 – 0.9 mg/dL Child 0.4 – 1.2 mg/dL Baby 0.7 – 1.7 mg/dL Newborn baby 0.8 – 1.4 mg/dL HB: Definition:Hemoglobin (Hb) is a molecule in erythrocytes (red blood cells) and is responsible for transporting oxygen. Blood quality and the red color of blood are determined by hemoglobin levels. Other name :Hemoglobin (Hb) & Hgb Purpose of Knowing:Fordetect disturbances in body fluids Normal Value: Woman 12-16 gr/dL Man 14-18 gr/dL Children 10-16 gr/dL Newborn baby 12-24 gr/dL Potassium: Definition:Potassium is a body electrolyte found in vascular fluid (blood vessels), 90% of which is excreted through urine, an average of 40 mEq/L or 25 -120 mEq/24 hours even though potassium intake is low. Other name :Potassium Purpose of Knowing:Fordetect kidney problems. Normal Value: Mature 3.5 – 5.0 mEq/L Child 3.6 – 5.8 mEq/L Baby 3.6 – 5.8 mEq/L Sodium: Definition:Sodium is a mineral that is found in abundance in extracellular electrolyte fluid (outside cells), has the effect of retaining water, functions to retain fluids in the body, activates enzymes, and acts as a conduction of nerve impulses. Other name :Nah, Sodium Purpose of Knowing:To determine the concentration of sodium in the body so that the value or presentation of fluid in the body can be obtained and can indicate good body condition and good kidney function Normal Value: Mature 135 – 145 mEq/L Child 135 – 145 mEq/L Baby 134 – 150 mEq/L GDP: Definition:Fasting Blood Sugar (GDP) is blood sugar that is measured when a person has not eaten or drank anything containing sugar for the last eight hours, Other name :Fasting Blood Sugar Purpose of Knowing:Examination of sugar levels in venous blood when the patient is fasting Normal Value: Mature 70 -110 mg/dl Child 60-100 mg/dl Newborn baby 30-80 mg/dl GDS: Definition:Temporary Blood Sugar (GDS) is the result of measurements taken immediately at that time, without fasting. Other name :When blood sugar Purpose of Knowing:To find out blood sugar levels when checked Normal Value: Time Ideal Currently Bad Before breakfast or fasting 80-100 mg/dl 101-125 mg/dl 126mg/dl 2 hours after then 80-144 mg/dl 145-179 mg/dl 180 mg/dl HbA1C: Definition:Hemoglobin A1c or HbA1c is a minor component of hemoglobin that binds to glucose. Other name :A1c, Glycosylated hemoglobin or glycohemoglobin Purpose of Knowing:ForBlood tests are important to see how well the diabetes treatment is going. This means that the Hemoglobin A1C test will describe the average blood sugar over the last 2 to 3 months and is used together with regular blood sugar checks to make adjustments in controlling diabetes mellitus. Normal Value: Results A1c levels Normal Less than 5.7% Prediabetes 5.7% to 6.4% Diabetes 6.5% or above HDL: Definition:HDL (High Density Lipoprotein) is one of the 3 components of lipoprotein (a combination of protein and fat), contains high levels of protein, small amounts of triglycerides and phospholipids, has general protein properties and is found in blood plasma. HDL is often called good fat, which can help reduce plaque buildup in blood vessels. Other name :High Density Lipoprotein Purpose of Knowing:To determine HDL levels in the blood Normal Value: Man >55 mg/dL Woman >65 mg/dL LDL: Definition:LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) is a plasma lipoprotein that contains small amounts of triglycerides, moderate phospholipids, moderate protein and high cholesterol. LDL has a major role as a trigger for blood vessel blockage which leads to heart attacks, strokes and other things. Other name :Low Density Lipoprotein Purpose of Knowing:To find out LDL in the blood Normal Value:<150 mg/dL High risk of coronary heart disease >160 mg/dL Medium risk of coronary heart disease 130 – 159 mg/dL Low risk of coronary heart disease <130 mg/dL Cholesterol: Definition:Cholesterolismetabolitescontaining sterol fats[2](English: waxy steroid) found incell membraneand circulated withinblood plasma.[3]It's a kindlipidswhich is a moleculefator something similar. Cholesterol is a special type of lipid calledsteroids. Other name :(10R,13R)-10,13-dimethyl-17-(6-methylheptan-2-yl)-2,3,4,7,8,9 ,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol Purpose of Knowing:To determine cholesterol levels in the blood so that normal metabolism and liver function can be assessed and to calculate LDL and HDL levels Normal Value:Normal cholesterol levels are < 200 mg/dL