Ferns Papers Tutorial Notes

Ferns Papers PIG INTRODUCTION Background Ferns (or ferns, Pteridophyta or Filicophyta), are onedivisionplants that have a true vascular system (cormus) but do not produceseedfor reproduction. This group of plants is still usedsporesas a toolmultiplication generative, same asmossand fungi. Ferns (Pteridophyta) are a division of the kingdom Plantae whose members have true roots, stems and leaves, as well as carrying vessels. Ferns are often called spore-bearing cormophytes because they have roots, stems, true leaves, and reproduce asexually with spores. Ferns are also called vascular plants (Tracheophyta) because they have transport vessels. Ferns are spread throughout the world, except for areas of eternal snow and dry areas (deserts). The total number of known species is almost 10,000 (an estimated 3000 of them grow inIndonesia), mostly grows in humid tropical areas. This plant tends not to tolerate limited water conditions, perhaps following the behavior of its ancestors in the Carboniferous era, which is also known as the golden age of ferns because they dominated the forests of the earth. The fossilized plant forest litter of this era is now mined by peoplerock coals. One member of the Pteridophyta is the class Lycopodiinae (wire nails or vines). It is a wild plant on the sides of roads, bushes or in forests, often climbing on trees. Grows from lowlands to mountains from a height of 100 m to 2,000 m above sea level. Formulation of the problem Morphology and parts of pteridophytes? How are pteridophytes classified? What is the life cycle of pteridophytes? How is the metagenesis of pterydophytes? What are the various types of ptedirophytes in terms of the spores they produce? What are the benefits of pterydophytes? Writing purpose To determine the morphology of the parts of pteridophytes To find out the classification of pteridophytes To understand the life cycle of pteridophytes To understand the metagenesis of pteridophytes To find out the types of ptedirophytes, look at the spores they produce To find out the benefits of pteridophytes The benefits of writing By writing this, it is hoped that readers will have knowledge and be able to understand the various benefits contained in ferns. Apart from that, it is hoped that readers can use ferns properly so that they can be useful for human life. CHAPTER II DISCUSSION UNDERSTANDING Ferns or Pterydophyta are classified as Kormophyta (cormus) plants because they have true roots, stems and leaves. Ferns have various ways of life, some are saprophytic, epiphytic, live on land or in water. This plant also experiences metagenesis like moss but differs in the dominant phase. In ferns, the more dominant phase is the sporophyte phase compared to the gametophyte so that the ferns that we see every day are in the sporophyte phase. In general, many ferns live in damp places, so they are called hygrophytes. In tropical and subtropical forests, ferns are plants that live on the ground, spread from the coast to the mountain slopes, some even live around volcanic craters. Ferns (or ferns, Pteridophyta or Filicophyta), are onedivisionplants that have a true vascular system (cormus) but do not produceseedfor reproduction. Instead of seeds, this group of plants still usessporesas a toolgenerative reproduction, same asmossAndfungi. Ferns are spread throughout the world, except for areas of eternal snow and dry areas (deserts). The total number of known species is almost 10,000 (an estimated 3000 of them grow inIndonesia), mostly grows in humid tropical areas. This plant tends not to tolerate limited water conditions, perhaps following the behavior of its ancestors in the Carboniferous era, which is also known as the golden age of ferns because they dominated the forests of the earth. The fossilized plant forest litter of this era is now mined by peoplecoal. Characteristics of Ferns (Pteridophyta) In general, the characteristics of ferns include: The protective layer of cells around the reproductive organs, Multicellular embryos contained in the archegonium, Cuticle layer on the outside of the body Internal transportation system that functions as a transporter of water and mineral substances from the soil, The body structure consists of the parts roots, stems and leaves, The roots are in the form of rhizoids which are like fibrous roots with tips protected by caliptra, The stems are generally not visible (except for pole ferns) because they are found in the soil in the form of rhizomes, spreading, or slightly erect. The young leaves are generally circular or curled, Based on the shape, size and arrangement of the leaves, ferns can be divided into: Microphyllous leaves (small leaves), shaped like hair or scales, do not have stems and have bony leaves and do not show cell differentiation. Macrophyll leaves (large leaves), are large in size, have stems, have bony leaves, and have branches and the cells are well differentiated. Based on their function, fern leaves can be divided into: Tropophyll leaves, special leaves where photosynthesis takes place. Sporophyll leaves, leaves that function as producers of spores.Spores are formed in the sporangium (spore box) which is collected in a body called sorus which is located under the surface of the sporophyll leaf, in the form of yellow, brown or blackish brown spots. When it is young, the sorus is protected by a thin membrane called indisium. Reproduction of Ferns (Pteridophyta) Fern reproduction takes place via metagenesis. Vegetative reproduction with haploid spores (n) produced by ferns. So, ferns are plants in the sporophyte (spore producing) phase. Sexual reproduction occurs through the fusion of spermatozoids and ovum produced by the prothalium. So, the thallus-shaped prothalium is the gametophyte phase. Based on the type of spores produced, ferns are divided into 3 groups, namely: Homosporous ferns (isospores), namely ferns that only produce one type of spore size. Example: Lycopodium sternum (wire nail). Heterosporous ferns (anisospores), namely ferns that produce two different types of spores, namely microspores (small male spores) and macrospores (large female spores). Examples are Marsilea crenata (clover) and Selaginella (rane fern) Transitional ferns, namely a type of fern that produces spores of the same shape and size, but of different sex. One is male and the other is female. An example is Equisetum debile (horsetail). Metagenesis of Ferns (Pteridophyta) Several types of animals and plants undergo a metagenesis process. Metagenesis is the process of life cycle between sexual and asexual phases. Animals and plants that experience metagenesis will experience two life phases, namely the life phase that reproduces sexually and the life phase that reproduces asexually. Metagenesis in plants can be clearly observed in seedless plants (ferns and mosses). In these plants, the formation of male gametes takes place in the antheridium and female gametes in the archegonium. If a male gamete fertilizes a female gamete, a zygote will be formed. The zygote grows into an individual that produces spores. This generation is called the vegetative (asexual) or sporophyte phase. Spores that fall in the appropriate place will grow into new individuals that produce gametes. Because it produces gametes, this generation is called the generative (sexual) phase or gametophyte. And so on, there is a rotation of offspring between the gametophyte and sporophyte phases. Moss plants that you often encounterisgametophyte phase. Meanwhile, the ferns that you see every day are in the sporophyte phase. The alternation of offspring between the sporophyte and gametophyte phases is what is called metagenesis. Fern plants reproduce sexually through the fusion of spermatozoids and ovum. Vegetative reproduction is by forming spores. Generative reproduction and vegetative reproduction take place alternately through a rotation of offspring called metagenesis. The following is a scheme of metagenesis in homosporous, heterosporous and transitional ferns. Classification of Ferns (Pteridophyta) Based on the level of development, ferns can be classified into 4 subdivisions, namely: Ancient Ferns (Psilopsida) It is estimated that only 10 to 13 species of ancient ferns are still alive today from two genera. Ancient ferns lived in tropical and subtropical areas. Some ancient fern sporophytes do not have true roots and do not have true leaves. Ancient ferns that have leaves are generally small (microphyll) and scale-shaped. The stem of the ancient fern has dichotomous branches with a height of 30 cm to 1 m. Ancient ferns also lacked carrying vessels. Ancient fern stems contain chlorophyll so they can carry out photosynthesis. Stem branches contain microphylls and a collection of sporangium located along the stem branches. The sporophyll of ancient ferns produces one type of spore (homospore). The gametophyte does not have chlorophyll and contains antheridium and archegonium. Ancient fern gametophytes were in symbiosis with fungi to obtain nutrients. Examples of ancient ferns are ancient ferns without leaves (Rhynia) and ancient ferns with small leaves (Psilotum). Wire Nails (Lycopsida) Classification Kingdom: Plantae (Plants) Subkingdom: Tracheobionta (Vascular plants) Division: Pteridophyta (ferns) Class: Pteridopsida Subclass: Schizaeatae Order: Schizaeales Family:Lygodiaceae Genus:Lygodium Species: Lygodium scandens (L.) Sw Wire ferns include 1,000 species of ferns, mainly from the genera Lycopodium and Selaginella. Wire nails grow widely in tropical and subtropical forests. Wire spikes stick to trees or live freely in the ground. Members of wire ferns have roots, stems, and true leaves. The leaves of wire ferns are small and arranged tightly. Sporangium is found in the sporophyll which is arranged to form a strobilus at the tip of the stem. The strobilus is cone- shaped like the cones of a pine. Therefore, wire nails are also called ground pine. In rane ferns (Selaginella) the sporangium consists of two types, namely microsporangium and megasporangium. Microsporangium is found in microsporophylls (leaves that contain microsporangium). The microsporangium produces microspores which will grow into male gametophytes. Megasporangium is found on megasporophylls (leaves containing megasporangium). Megasporangium produces megaspores which will grow into female gametophytes. The wire fern gametophyte is small and does not contain chlorophyll. Gametophytes obtain food from fungi with which they are in symbiosis. Some wire fern gemetophytes are unisexual, meaning they contain only antheridium or only archegonium. There are also bisexual gametophytes of wire ferns, meaning they contain antheridium and archegonium. Unisexual gametophytes are found in Selaginella. Selaginella is a heterosporous fern while bisexual gametophytes are found in Lycopodium. Lycopodiumnummularifolium It is a type of perennial fern and lives as an epiphyte under and attached to tree trunks in its natural habitat, namely tropical forests. Compared to other Lycopodium relatives which grow in clumps (clusters), this species tends to grow in a spreading, elongated or hanging manner. The stem is round, small, hard and elongated like a wire (wire stem).Two dichotomous branches form at the tip of the previous stem/branch which then grow into new branches. The branches can then grow until they reach the ground and spread to form a new root system (rhizoma). Rhizoma with adventitious roots is a modified form of stem that functions apart from being a means of transporting water and nutrients for the photosynthesis process, but also as a means of attaching plants to the place where they grow. Horsetail Fern (Sphenopsida) Currently there are only around 25 species of horsetails from one genus, namely Equisetum. Equisetum mainly lives in humid habitats in subtropical areas. The highest Equisetum only reaches 4.5 m, while the average Equisetum height is less than 1 m. Equisetum has true roots, stems and leaves. The stem is segmented and each segment is surrounded by small, scale-like leaves. Equisetum is called horsetail because the shape of the stem is like a horse's tail. The stems are hard because the cell walls contain silica. Sporangium is found in strobilus. The sporangium produces one type of spore, so Equisetum is classified as a transitional fern. Equisetum gametophytes are only a few millimeters in size but can carry out photosynthesis. The gametophyte contains antheridium and archegonium so it is a bisexual gametophyte. Kingdom: Plantae Division: Pteridophyta Class: Equisetopsida Family: Equisetaceae Equisetum debile The name horsetail refers to a small groupplant(approx. 20species) which is generally the caseternasmall and all belong to the genus Equisetum (from equus meaning "horse" and setum meaning "thick hair" inLatin language). Its members can be found all over the world exceptAntarctica. In areaSoutheast Asia(Indonesiaincluded therein) only one natural species was found, E. ramosissimum subsp. debile, known asbetung grassinMalay language, deep throatSundanese language, and deep cutsJavanese language. Circletaxonomystill debating whether the horsetail group constitutesdivisionseparately, as Equisetophyta (or Sphenophyta), or a class ofPteridophyta,as Equisetopsida (or Sphenopsida). Analysis resultsmolecularshows close relationship withMarattiopsida. All members of the horsetail are characteristicannual, small-sized herb (0.2-1.5 heightm), although some members (living in Tropical America) can grow to 6-8 m (E. giganteum and E. myriochaetum). StemThis plant is green, has segments, has a hole in the middle, and acts as an organphotosyntheticreplace leaves. The stem can branch. Branches sit around the main trunk. This stem contains a lotsilica. There are groups whose stems branch in a craggy position and there are those that have single branches.LeafOn all the members of this plant it is not well developed, it only resembles scales sitting in coral covering the segments.Sporesstored in shaped structuresmacewhich is called a strobilus (plural strobili) which is located at the tip of the stem (apical). On manyspecies(e.g. E. arvense), the strobilus supporting stems are unbranched and non-photosynthetic (not green) and only appear immediately after the winter ends. Other species do not have this distinction (sterile stems are similar to the strobilus supporting stems), for example E. palustre and E. Debile. Fertile stem of E. arvense with strobilus at the tip. These stems appear at the end of winter, before the emergence of photosynthetic sterile stems (see image in taxobox). The spores produced by horsetail ferns are generally only one type (homospores) although the smaller spores in E. arvense grow intoprothaliummale. Spores come out of the sporangium which is arranged in the strobilus. The spores differ from fern spores because they have four "hairs" called elaters. The elater functions as a spring to help the spores disperse. Horsetails like wet soil, whether sandy or loamy, some even grow in water (the hollow stems help adapt to this environment). E.arvense can grow into a weed in fields becausethe rhizomewhich is very deep and spreads widely on the ground.HerbicideI often don't succeed in turning it off. In Indonesia, betung grass (E. debile) is used as a brush for washing and mixing medicines. In the past, around the timeCarbonifer, the ancient horsetail and its relatives (Calamites, of the same division, now extinct) dominated the forests of the earth. Some species could grow very large, reaching 30 m, as shown by fossils found in the depositcoal. Coal is thought to be the hardening of the remaining litter from this ancient forest. True Ferns (Pteropsida) Known as a fern in our everyday sense. Many are found in tropical and subtropical forest areas. It has larger leaves compared to other subdivisions and is divided into two types, namely megaphylls with a branching system of vessels and microphylls, namely leaves that grow from stems containing a single strand of transport tissue. The young leaves curl at the tips and the sporangium is found on the sporophyll. Examples are Adiantum cuneatum (suplir), Marsilea crenata (clover), and Asplenium nidus (horse's nest fern). True ferns include the types of ferns that we most often see. Where true ferns grow is mostly on land in tropical and subtropical areas. There are an estimated 12,000 types of true ferns in the class Filicinae. Filicinae have true roots, stems and leaves. Stems can be deep stems (rhizomes) or stems above ground level. Filicinae leaves are generally large and have branched veins. The young leaves have a distinctive characteristic, namely that they grow curled (circinnatus). The types of nails that include true ferns are clover (Marsilea crenata), deer antler fern (Platycerium bifurcatum), bird's nest fern (Asplenium nidus), suplir (Adiantum cuneatum), rice field fern (Azolla pinnata), and Dicksonia antarctica. Benefits of Ferns (Pteridophyta) Many people thinkfernsis a plant or nuisance plant. But on the other hand, ferns are also very useful or efficacious. Moreover, ferns are very easy to findnature around us. Maybe many people still don't know the benefits of ferns. Including the following : Benefits of Ferns as decorative plants: Platycerium nidus (deer antler fern) Asplenium nidus (bird's nest fern) Adiantum cuneatum (supplier) Selaginella wildenowii (paku rane) As an ingredient in producing medicines: Asipidium filix-mas Dryopteris filix-mas Lycopodium clavatum As a vegetable plant: Marsilea crenata (clover) Salvinia natans (paku sampan = kiambang) As green manure in agriculture: Azolla pinnata >> has symbiosis with Anabaena azollae (blue algae) As a plant protector in the nursery: Gleichenia linearis As a source of raw materials for coal formation: Ferns that died in ancient times. Ferns that lived in the carbon era have fossilized, these fossils are in the form of coal which can be used as fuel CHAPTER III CLOSING Conclusion In general, the characteristics of ferns include: The protective layer of cells around the reproductive organs, Multicellular embryos contained in the archegonium, Cuticle layer on the outside of the body Internal transportation system that functions as a transporter of water and mineral substances from the soil, The body structure consists of the parts roots, stems and leaves, The roots are in the form of rhizoids which are like fibrous roots with tips protected by caliptra, The stems are generally not visible (except for pole ferns) because they are found in the soil in the form of rhizomes, spreading, or slightly erect. The young leaves are generally circular or curled, Based on the level of development, ferns can be classified into 4 subdivisions, namely: Ancient Ferns (Psilopsida) Wire Nails (Lycopsida) Horsetail Fern (Sphenopsida) True Ferns (Pteropsida) The benefits of ferns are: As an ornamental plant As fuel As medicine As a vegetable plant As a plant protector in the nursery