Pharmaceutical Botanical Course Materials

PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANICAL ROOT FUNCTION Plant roots act as anchors to support and strengthen the plant's standing in its place of life. Roots function as a medium for absorbing water and mineral salts (nutrients) from the soil Under certain conditions the roots function as a means of respiration, for example the roots of mangrove plants (a type of dicotyledonous plant), which are called "pneumatophores" (breathing roots). Roots function as a place to store food reserves. For example, carrots and potatoes have an enlarged taproot, which functions as a place to store food. Some types of plant roots function as vegetative reproductive organs. For example, in breadfruit plants, shoots can grow from the roots which will become new individuals. Attaches plants to the substrate and absorbs water and soil salts from the substrate. Helps transport water and nutrients In certain plants, such as mangrove plants (Rhizopora sp.), the roots play a role in respiration. Means of vegetative reproduction in certain plants Roots can undergo modifications or changes due to environmental factors or certain functional demands. In some plants, roots not only function for absorption and support for upright stems, but also for storing food reserves, respiration, entanglement, sucking, etc. EXAMPLE OF ROOT MODIFICATION Aerial roots or hanging roots (radix aureus) These roots emerge from the parts above the ground, hang in the air and hang towards the ground. Depending on the height at which they emerge, the hanging roots can be very long (up to 30 m). These roots are found in epiphytic plants. As long as they are still hanging, these roots can only help absorb water and gaseous substances from the air and often have special tissue to store water or air called filaments. For example, the roots of the scorpion orchid (arachnis flos-aeris). But after reaching the ground, the parts that enter the ground will behave like ordinary roots, namely absorbing water and nutrients from the soil. The part above the ground probably functions as a stem. For example, banyan (Ficus benjamina L). Borer roots or sucking roots. (haustoria) These are the roots found in plants that live as parasites and are useful for absorbing water and food substances from their hosts. For example, mistletoe (loranthus). The roots are borer roots that penetrate the bark of the host stem into the wood. It can also just be short roots that are attached to plants, but also suck up water and nutrients. For example, in worm endaks (Australian Cuscutha R.Br.) Attachment root (radix adligans) These are the roots that come out of the nodes of the stem which grow up and are only useful for attaching to the support. Attached roots are used to compete for sunlight. For example, pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and betel. Twisted root (cirrhus radicalis) Namely roots for climbing, but with support. Twisted roots are used by plants to compete for sunlight. For example, vanilla (Vanilla planifolia Andr.) Respiratory roots (pneumatophora) These are root branches that grow straight up until they emerge from the surface of the soil or water where the plant grows. These roots have many holes or gaps (pnemathoda) for the entry of air which is needed for breathing. These roots belong to plants that are adapted to oxygen-poor mud habitats. For example, in bogen (sonneratia) and firewood (avicennis). Stilt roots These are the roots that grow from the bottom of the stem in all directions and seem to support the stem so that it does not collapse. These roots are found in plants that live in places in the soil or water where they grow without oxygen. So, apart from supporting the stem, these roots are also useful for extracting oxygen from the air. We can find these roots in pandan trees (Pandanus tectorius Sol) Knee root (knee) This is the part of the root that grows upwards and then bends back into the ground, thus forming an image like a bent knee. These roots, like respiratory roots, are found in plants on beaches that are low and muddy and poor in oxygen. This root is also useful for respiratory purposes. For example, in the tancang tree (Bruguiera parviflora W.et). Butreess roots Namely, the roots are shaped like planks that are placed at an angle to strengthen the stand of a tall tree trunk. For example, in breadfruit trees (Artocarpus communis G.Forst.) and walnut trees (canarium commune L.) LEAF In general, the leaves of dicot and monocot plants have very diverse shapes and sizes. In some plants, this diversity increases with development in a certain direction which causes the leaves to appear to change, both in shape and size. Such leaves are said to have undergone modification. Modifications in leaves occur as a result of the reduction or addition of certain tissues during their development. These modifications can occur in the leaf as a whole (whole leaf) or only certain parts of the leaf. Additional leaf parts, such as stipules, can also be modified into other shapes. The modified leaves as a whole (whole leaves) can change, among other things, into spines (spina phyllogenum), tendrils, scales (cataphyll/scale), bracts (bractea) or bracteola (bracteola) and flower sheaths (spatha). Bracts/bracteoles and flower sheaths will be discussed further in inflorescences. Such as thorns, for example: cactus and storage of food reserves, for example: cabbage. Overall leaf modification function Thorns: Leaves turn into thorns The function of photosynthesis is carried out by the stem For example, cacti from the Cactaceae family Scale : Spines and scales are leaf modifications from the presence of axillary buds in the leaf axils or scales that are arranged in the location of the leaves in general tendrils Leaves are modified into tendrils For example, Similax rotundifolia Brakte Protective leaves because they have a strange color so they attract insects. For example, paper flowers Spatha Spatha or flower sheath is a large protective leaf that covers the compound flowers of a group of plant flowers The palm tree family Aracaceae Functions to protect flower cobs Modification function in certain parts Leaf tip Modified leaf tips The broad leaf stalks resemble leaves Compound leaflets Petiolus Vagina For example red onions STEM Stem Modification The stem is a part of the body of a plant that is very important for plants that are above ground level. Considering its place and position in the plant body, the stem can be compared to the axis of the plant body. One of the functions of the stem is as a place to store food reserves. With this function, certain parts of the stem will experience changes in shape so that the shape is different from the shape of stems in general. The stem whose shape has changed is called a modified stem. Stems can be specialized and have their shape modified for specific tasks such as storing food reserves and for photosynthesis. FUNCTION Stems can have additional functions, which result in changes in shape (morphology) from the basic shape to another shape. Following are several forms of stem modification. hump,the base of the stem or short round stem that is just below the surface of the soil. Tubers that have an additional function as a place for energy reserves are called tuber tubers (cormus). Examples of plants that have: banana, suweg. Geragih (stolo),a special branch that spreads on the surface or below the surface of the ground with long segments and at the nodes then leaf shoots or roots appear. Examples: lilies of paris, potatoes Rhizome (rhizome),namely horizontal stems, fat, and located at the ground level or below the surface, with short segments. Example: various findings Stem tuber (tuber),which is a swelling of the geragih or rhizome due to its increased function as a store of energy reserves. Stem roundedwhich has a function as a succulent organ (water storage) is called the caudex. Discs on tubers ply,a very short stem that supports the base of succulent leaves. Examples: onions, Amaryllis The following are various rod modifications: Stolon / Geragih Geragih or stolonis a modified stem that is usually developed by herbaceous plants. Stolons, like rhizomes, can be a means of vegetative propagation, especially if roots grow around the nodes of young plants. Stolons are horizontal stems that spread over or in soil or water. At the nodes of the stem shoots grow and form roots. After some time this plant grows lengthwise and moves away from its parent and then bends upwards to form a new individual. Stolons can be found, for example, in strawberries, the grinting grass Cynodon dactylon, sedges, gotu kola, and water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes). Rhizome (Rhizoma) Rhizomeis a stem and its leaves that are in the ground, branch out and grow horizontally, and from the tip can grow shoots that emerge above the ground and can form a new plant. In addition to being a means of reproduction, rhizomes are also a place to store reserve nutrients. The fact that rhizomes are the manifestation of stems and not roots can be seen from the following signs: Segmented, with nodes, roots never have this character. - Leafy, but the leaves have turned into scales. - Has buds. - It does not grow towards the center of the earth or water, in fact sometimes it then goes upwards, appearing above the ground. Tuber Stem (tuber) Tuber stemis a tuber formed from modified stems. Tuber stems are capable of giving rise to shoots and roots, so they are often used as material for vegetative propagation. Tubers that grow below the soil surface, enlarge, and contain a lot of starch are called tubers, usually produced by several species of Solanaceae and Asteraceae. Layer bulbs (bulbs) According to Campbell (2003:297) Layer bulbsare underground vertical shoots consisting primarily of swollen leaf bases that store food. This can be seen by slicing an onion lengthwise, you can see the many layers of modified leaves intertwined with the short stem. Figure 7. Bulbs e. Kormus tubers (corm) Kormus are similar to layer tubers but the swollen part is entirely stem tissue. Scale-shaped leaves cover the entire surface of the cormus. Phyllocladia and Cladodia Phylocladia and cladodiais a stem or branch that takes over the function of the leaves because the leaves experience further reduction or turn into thorns. Follicladia have limited growth, for example in starfish (Muehlenbeckia platyclada), while cladodia have unlimited growth so they continue to grow and branch, for example in a cactus (Opuntia vulgaris) Emergent In addition to leaves and axillary shoots, on the stem there are also structures in the form of protrusions called emergents. Emergen is not a branch, leaf or root adventitis, nor is it a modified form, but a structure formed from cells derived from tissue found under the epidermis. This tissue is called subepidermal tissue. Emergents usually come off relatively easily and leave scars. In some plants, the emergent is persistent (eternal) and in old stems it changes to a relatively solid structure. Emergence in stems is often associated with the need for organs for climbing or as a means of defense. Stem tendrils and branch tendrils Stem tendrilsor branches growing from the leaf axils, usually supported by the remains of leaves or flowers, for example in almost all Cucurbitaceae, Passifloraceae, and bride's tears (Antigonon leptopus) families. Stem Thorns or Branch Thorns Stem spinesor branch spines come from branch modifications, are located in the leaf axils and often still support leaves or even rudimentary flowers, for example in Bougainvillea