Chapter 12 - General and Special Senses in Anatomy & Physiology

chi 12 A&P Question Where are sensory receptors for the general senses found? For all receptors, stimulation of a receptor results in a change in ______. The interpretation by the brain of incoming sensory impulses is called The ability of the nervous system to become less responsive to a maintained stimulus is called sensory The _____ senses rely on receptors distributed throughout the body (for example in skin and muscles), while the ______ senses rely on specialized receptors found in structures in the head. True or false: Receptors for the general senses are very localized, and found in the skin only. Receptors are classified based on their sensitivity to different types of stimuli. The five main types of receptors are ______, pain receptors, _______,mechanoreceptors, and photoreceptors. What is the immediate result of stimulating a receptor? The term ______ refers to information sent by sensory receptors to the brain. The term ______ refers to the interpretation of that information by the cerebral cortex. What is the term for the ability of the brain to prioritize the sensory input it receives and to ignore unimportant stimuli? Which three of the following regions are associated with receptors for the general senses? Name the two types of thermoreceptors. ______ protects the body because they are stimulated when there is tissue damage, thereby promoting a response that may prevent further damage. Answer throughout the body the membrane potential perception adaptation general sense & special sense F chemoreceptors & thermoreceptors The receptor's membrane potential changes. sensation; perception adaptation joints, muscles, viscera cold, warm Pain receptors are associated with the viscera, Choose all true statements about the sensory receptors responsible for They They are found throughout the skin, the general senses. They are widespread in the body. The classification of sensory receptors as photoreceptors, thermoreceptors, etc., is based on what characteristic of the receptors? Stimulus type that causes a response The group of mechanoreceptors called ______ are responsible for informing the CNS about body position and length/tension of skeletal proprioceptors muscles. lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles, free Choose two types of receptors that sense touch and pressure. nerve endings The thermoreceptors in the skin are classified as _____receptors and warm & cold ______ receptors. they are sensitive to tissue damage, List three characteristics of pain receptors. they are lacking in the brain, they are nociceptors True or false: Receptors for the general senses are very localized, and F found in the skin only. They detect body position and the state What is the function of proprioceptors? of skeletal muscle contraction. The senses that are classified as the_________senses include the senses of special smell, taste, hearing, equilibrium, and sight. Pain receptors are widely distributed throughout the body, but they are brain not found in the: Which three of the following regions are associated with receptors for viscera, muscles, joints the general senses? chemicals dissolved in Olfactory receptors are a type of receptor called ______ that sense ______. chemoreceptors; liquid lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles, free Choose two types of receptors that sense touch and pressure. nerve endings The thermoreceptors in the skin are classified as______ receptors and warm & cold ______ receptors ______ protects the body because they are stimulated when there is tissue damage, thereby promoting a response that may prevent further pain receptors damage. chemicals must be dissolved in liquid to Which of the following is true concerning the sense of smell? be detected What are the sensory organs for taste called? taste buds Free nerve endings, tactile corpuscles, and lamellated corpuscles are touch types of ______ receptors. The three sections of the ear are____ ear, ___ ear, and ____ ear. outer, middle, inner The specialized organs responsible for gustation are called ______ taste buds The tympanic membrane is also called the_______(a non-anatomical term). eardrum Sound travels in waves. The higher the waves (the greater the louder amplitude), the ______ the sound. Which structure of the outer ear vibrates back and forth, transferring the tympanic membrane the sound wave vibrations to the middle ear? tympanic membrane, auricle, external List three components of the outer ear. acoustic meatus Which of the following are housed in the middle ear? the auditory ossicles The malleus, incus, and stapes are the three small bones known as the ossicles auditory _____ Vibrations that travel through matter in the form of waves produce higher-pitched sound. The greater the frequency of the waves, the ______ the sound. What happens to the tympanic membrane when sound waves pass down The tympanic membrane vibrates. the external acoustic meatus? Sound waves that enter the external acoustic meatus cause the_______membrane to vibrate back and forth, reproducing the tympanic vibrations of the sound-wave source. Which structure helps to equalize air pressure on both sides of the auditory tube tympanic membrane? The labyrinth of the inner ear contains two distinct parts: the_____ and cochlea, semicircular the ______ canals Which of the following structures functions in both hearing and vestibule equilibrium? The ______organ (organ of Corti) contains the hearing receptors in the spiral cochlea. Name the receptor cells that are responsible for the sense of hearing. hair cells the ______, or ________ ,tube connects each middle ear to the throat, allowing air to pass between the tympanic cavity and the outside of the auditory, eustachian body. Which structure contains the hearing receptors? cochlea the superior surface of the basilar Where is the spiral organ located within the cochlea? membrane in the cochlear duct Within the spiral organ, hair cells have what role? Hair cells are receptor cells. What structure connects the middle ear cavity to the throat auditory tube (nasopharynx)? The _____membrane is attached to the bony shelf of the cochlea and tectorial extends as an overhang above the hair cells in the spiral organ. Which structure contains the hearing receptor cells and converts spinal organ mechanical sound waves to electrical signals? Where is the tectorial membrane located? in the spiral organ Name the structure that contains the hearing receptors in the cochlea. spinal organ The hair cells in the spiral organ have extensions called ______, which stereocilia respond to mechanical stimuli. Which structure is located in the spiral organ, where it is attached to the bony shelf of the cochlea and extends like an overhang above the hair tectorial membrane cells? What is the effect of stimulating a variety of hair cells simultaneously? multiple tones are heard What is the typical range of frequencies that can be heard by a young person with normal hearing? The sense of ______ equilibrium maintains the stability of the head and body when they are motionless. The sense of ______ equilibrium balances the head and the body when they are suddenly moved or rotated. True or false: The extrinsic eye muscles are considered accessory organs of the eye. How does the ear differentiate between sounds of different frequencies (pitches)? What type of sensory receptors are abundant in the cornea? The vascular tunic of the eye includes the _____ coat, the _____ body, and the iris 20-20,000 vibrations per second static, dynamic T Hair cells at different locations in the cochlea respond to different pitches. cold receptors, pain receptors choroid, ciliary Static equilibrium senses ______. Dynamic equilibrium senses ______. position of the head; balance when in motion The upper and lower ____ , and the ______apparatus are accessory organs that help protect the eye eyelids, lacrimal What is the cornea? The transparent part of the outer (fibrous) layer of the eye. The _____forms the inner, or nervous, the tunic of the eye. It contains photoreceptors. The clear, anterior-most structure of the eye, part of the fibrous tunic, is called the____ The five major groups of neurons in the retina are the photoreceptors, the bipolar neurons, the ______cells, the horizontal cells, and the _____cells. The vascular tunic of the eye includes the ______ coat, the _____body, and the iris. The portion of the retina that produces the greatest visual acuity (sharpness of image) is the ______. It is located within a patch of cells posterior to the center of the lens called the ______. The retina is continuous with the _____nerve in the back of the eye. It extends forward as the lining the inner surface of the eyeball ending at the ______ body. Which three groups of cells in the retina provide a direct pathway for impulses triggered at the photoreceptors to the optic nerve? What is the yellow patch of cells in the central region of the retina called? The visual receptor cells are located in the ______. Which two groups of neurons in the retina allow information to pass laterally between retinal cells, thereby modifying the pattern of impulses conducted on the fibers of the direct pathway? The portion of the retina that produces the greatest visual acuity (sharpness of image) is the ______. It is located within a patch of cells posterior to the center of the lens called the ______. The optic nerve, as well as the central artery and vein that supply the eye with blood, exit the eye through the optic ____ The vitreous body is a jelly-like substance located between what two structures of the eye? retina Which of the following statements accurately describes the optic disc? It is the area of the retina lacking photoreceptors. The posterior cavity of the eye is a larger space bounded by the ciliary body, the______ , and the _______ The vitreous _____along with collagenous fibers form the vitreous ______ . After light passes through the lens, it goes through the ______ before hitting the retina. the _____humor is a jelly-like substance located between the lens and the retina of the eyeball. The bending of light rays as they pass through objects of different densities is called _____ When light passes through a convex surface, the light rays bend, resulting in ______ of the light waves. lens, retina cornea ganglion, amacrine choroid, ciliary fovea centralis, macula lutea optic, ciliary bipolar neurons, ganglion cells, photoreceptors macula lutea retina amacrine cells, horizontal cells fovea centralis, macula lutea disc lens and the retina humor & body vitreous body vitreous refraction convergence What area of the retina is lacking photoreceptors and is referred to as the blind spot? The posterior cavity of the eye is a larger space bounded by the ciliary body, the ______, and the _____ The refraction of light is the ______ of light rays as they pass from one medium to another. Light from distant objects (more than 20 feet) travels in parallel lines. Thus, the lens needs to be ______ in order to focus the image on the retina. The lens is rounder when viewing ______ objects so that it can cause greater bending of the incoming divergent light rays. When the visual pigment rhodopsin is exposed to light, it breaks down into ______ and _______ Cones have a type of light-sensitive pigment called _____ (similar to rhodopsin). Three types of this pigment are present in the cones; each is sensitive to a different wavelength of light. The degeneration or failure of hearing neural pathways to the brain which can occur with aging is called _____, while the condition of hearing a ringing or roaring in the ears is called _______ Each type of ______ responds to a different wavelength of light. This is because each type contains a different type of ______. As a person ages, they usually have more difficulty hearing ______. The light-sensitive pigment in rods is called ____, or visual purple. the optic disc lens & retina bending flatter close opsin & retinal iodopsin presbycusis & tinnitus cone; iodopsin high pitches rhodopsin