Chapter 14: Flexibility, Mobility, and Human Movement Systems

chapter 14 Question Which portion of a client’s exercise program should be designed first? Flexibility Extensibility Range of motion (ROM) Mobility Myofascial Relative flexibility Human movement system (HMS) Soft tissue Postural distortion patterns Muscle imbalance Force-couple relationships Osteokinematic Arthrokinematics Reciprocal inhibition Altered reciprocal inhibition Overactive Underactive Synergistic dominance Altered length-tension relationship Neuromuscular efficiency Muscle spindle Central nervous system Stretch reflex Golgi tendon organ (GTO) Answer The flexibility portion The normal extensibility of soft tissues that allows for full range of motion of a joint. Capability to be elongated or stretched. The degree to which specific joints or body segments can move; often measured in degrees. Optimal flexibility and joint range of motion; ability to move freely. The body’s connective tissue that includes muscles and fascia. The process in which the body seeks the path of least resistance during functional movements. The collective components and structures that work together to move the body: muscular, skeletal, and nervous systems. Tissue connecting, supporting, and surrounding bodily structures and organs. Predictable patterns of muscle imbalances. When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationships. The synergistic action of multiple muscles working together to produce movement around a joint. Movement of a limb that is visible. The description of joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll, slide, and spin. When an agonist receives a signal to contract, its functional antagonist also receives an inhibitory signal allowing it to lengthen. Occurs when an overactive agonist muscle decreases the neural drive to its functional antagonist. When elevated neural drive causes a muscle to be held in a chronic state of contraction. When a muscle is experiencing neural inhibition and limited neuromuscular recruitment. The neuromuscular phenomenon that occurs when synergists take over function for a weak or inhibited prime mover (agonist). When a muscle’s resting length is too short or too long, reducing the amount of force it can produce. The ability of the nervous system to recruit the correct muscles to produce force, reduce force, and dynamically stabilize the body’s structure in all three planes of motion. Sensory receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change. A division of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord. Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening. A specialized sensory receptor located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle; sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change. Autogenic inhibition Lengthening reaction Static stretching The process by which neural impulses that sense tension are greater than the impulses that cause muscles to contract, providing an inhibitory effect to the muscle spindles. When a muscle is lengthened, a cascade of neurological reactions occur that allows the muscle to be stretched. A type of stretch where the muscle is passively lengthened to the point of tension and held for a sustained amount of time. What term refers to the neuromuscular phenomenon that occurs when synergists take over function for a weak or Synergistic dominance inhibited prime mover (agonist)? Consistently repeating the same pattern of motion Pattern overload over long periods of time that can lead to dysfunction or injury. A cycle whereby tissue trauma will induce Cumulative injury cycle inflammation, muscle spasm, adhesions, altered neuromuscular control, and muscle imbalances. Pain receptors located in the skin and fascial Nociceptors connective tissues. Davis’s law States that soft tissue models along the line of stress. A complex meshwork of connective tissue, including Collagen matrix collagen proteins. Which of the following states that soft tissue models along Davis’s law the line of stress? With regard to the cumulative injury cycle, current theory supports the idea that repetitive movements, such as long Tissue trauma and inflammation periods of poor posture, are believed to lead to which of the following? Techniques used for treating and breaking up adhesions of the fascia and the surrounding muscle Self-myofascial techniques tissues; examples include foam rolling or selfmassage. A web of connecting fibers made of connective Fascial system ` tissues that are found just under the skin. Mechanical effect Having a physical effect. Neurophysiological effect Having an effect on the nervous system. Pain or discomfort often felt 24 to 72 hours after Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) intense exercise or unaccustomed physical activity. Any medical conditions that could be potentially Medical precautions unsafe for a client. A specific situation where a medication, procedure, or Contraindication exercise should be avoided because it may prove to be harmful to the individual. TRUE OR FALSE? The mechanical effect of direct roller compression is the relaxation of the local myofascia by True increasing local blood flow and reducing myofascial restriction and adhesions. What is the term used to describe the pain or discomfort that is often felt 24 to 72 hours after intense exercise or Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) unaccustomed physical activity? The ability to experience the physical sensations of Stretch tolerance stretching to reduce the discomfort felt at the end range of motion. TRUE OR FALSE? Static stretching, when performed for 30 seconds or less prior to every workout and followed by False dynamic activities, impairs athletic performance. A type of stretching that uses agonists and synergists to dynamically move the joint into a range of motion; Active stretching includes holding the stretched position for 1–2 seconds and repeating for 5–10 repetitions. What is the term used to describe a type of stretching that uses agonists and synergists to dynamically move the joint Active stretching into a range of motion? What is the mechanism of action for active stretching? Reciprocal inhibition A type of stretching that uses the force production of Dynamic stretching a muscle and the body’s momentum to take a joint through the full available range of motion. Controversial stretches Stretches that have the potential for injury risk.q What should precede dynamic stretching if an individual Self-myofascial techniques and static stretching possesses muscle imbalances? What is the goal of dynamic stretching? To prepare the body for more intense activity Sense the change in muscle length and the speed of What are the two primary actions of the muscle spindle? length change When performing a dumbbell biceps curl, the biceps brachii is considered the agonist (prime mover), and the triceps become the inhibited antagonist. What is this phenomenon Reciprocal inhibition called? Which lower-body stretch is considered controversial and Inverted hurdler's stretch for hamstrings may be a risk for injury? Active and dynamic stretching utilize which physiological Reciprocal inhibition action? Compression to the local myofascia “relaxes” the Which statement best describes the local mechanical tissues by increasing local blood flow and reducing effect that occurs from myofascial rolling? myofascial restrictions and adhesions. Flexibility training can reduce the risk of what three Muscle imbalances, joint dysfunctions, and overuse conditions? injuries If your client is working in Phase 1 of the OPT model, what SMR/static stretching type of flexibility training should they utilize? What key term would best describe an overactive hip flexor complex decreasing neural drive to the hip extensor Altered reciprocal inhibition complex? Your client Ethan presents with an overactive/shortened quadriceps group, which is causing the hamstrings to be Altered reciprocal inhibition underactive/lengthened. What is this phenomenon called? Which physiological systems comprise the human The muscular, skeletal, and nervous systems movement system (HMS)?