University:
University of North Carolina at Charlotte
Course:
PSYC 1101 | General Psychology
Academic year:

2024
Views:

246

Pages:

4
Author:

Accinkiquicpqw

10/29/2024 CHAPTER 6 Classical Conditioning – Definitions ✥ Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) = e. g. Meat - a stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response without previous conditioning ✥Unconditioned Response (UCR) = Salivation - an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus without previous conditioning 1 Classical Conditioning - Definitions ✥Conditioned Stimulus (CS) = e. g. Tone - a previously neutral stimulus that, through conditioning, elicits a conditioned response ✥Conditioned Response (CR) = Salivation - a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning 2 Classical Conditioning and Phobias ❶ UCS : dog bites you ❷ UCR : fear ❸ CS : ❹ CR : ❺ Solution: 3 1 10/29/2024 Classical Conditioning: Terminology ✥ Stimulus contiguity = occurring together in time and space ✥ 3 types of Classical Conditioning – Simultaneous conditioning – Short-delayed conditioning – Trace conditioning 4 Basic Processes in Classical Conditioning ✥Acquisition - the initial stage of learning something ✥Extinction - gradual weakening and disappearance of a CR ✥Spontaneous Recovery - re-appearance of a CR in the absence of the CS 5 Basic Processes in Classical Conditioning ✥ Stimulus Generalization - a CR generalizes from the original CS to like objects 6 2 10/29/2024 Basic Processes in Classical Conditioning ✥Stimulus Discrimination - respond eg: only to the CS not to “like” objects CS1 = 700 Hertz CS2 = 3500 Hertz UCS = Shock - CS1 - CS2 7 Higher-Order Conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus (not conditioned) becomes conditioned after repeated pairings with another CS (however, the initial UCS must be biologically significant) e.g. UCS (chemotherapy) NS (treatment room) UCR (nausea) UCS (chemo) CS (treatment room) UCR (nausea) CR (nausea) 8 Operant Conditioning - a form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences Instrumental Learning Edward Thorndike ▪ Puzzle Box 9 3 10/29/2024 Operant Conditioning Edward L. Thorndike (1913) The Law of Effect: if a response to a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened 10 Operant Conditioning B.F. Skinner (1953): the strengthening of responses which affect (operate on) the environment – principle of reinforcement Shaping (reinforcing successive approximations) 11 Types of Consequences Positive Reinforcement - presentation of stimulus tends to increase the behavior that it follows Negative Reinforcement removal of stimulus tends to increase the behavior that it follows: Punishment behavior is followed by a aversive stimuli OR the removal of pleasant stimuli thereby decreasing the behavior that it follows 12 4