University:
University of North Carolina Wilmington
Course:
PSY 105 | General Psychology
Academic year:

2023
Views:

414

Pages:

2
Author:

Jithin J I

STRATEGIES IN MOTOR LEARNING- PRACTICE AND SIMPLIFICATION I. Temporal Distribution of Practice 1. Massed Practice vs. Distributed Practice  Massed Practice: Continuous practice without interruption.  Distributed Practice: Practice with interruptions, including rest periods. 2. Learning Effects  Distributed practice schedules generally lead to better learning effects compared to massed practice schedules.  This applies to intervals between practice trials within a session and longer interruptions (e.g., day- or night-sleep intervals). 3. Explanations for the Spacing Effect  Consolidation Processes: Longer interruptions allow learners to use consolidated long-term memory representations, improving performance.  Reminiscence Effect: Restarting practice at a higher performance level after a retention interval.  Mental Practice: During retention intervals, mental simulation of the execution positively influences task-relevant representations.  Reactive Impedance: Reactive impedance occurs when practice is without interruptions, leading to performance stagnation due to resource changes or inhibition accumulations. II. Feedback Valence and Motor Automatization  Positive feedback valence, such as bandwidth feedback, enhances motor automatization.  Experiment by Agethen and Krause showed that positive valence feedback reduces dual-task costs. III. Part Practice and Whole Practice 1. Part Practice vs. Whole Practice  Part Practice: Breaking down a learning task into subtasks, practiced either simultaneously (fractionalization) or successively (segmentation).  Whole Practice: Completing the entire task without breaking it down. 2. Simplification Strategies  Other Simplification Strategies: Using objects, attentional cues, rhythmic cues, or reducing performance speed.  Variable Priority Training: Directing attention to a single aspect or sub-task while executing the whole task. 3. Factors Influencing Part Practice  Task Complexity: Part practice is useful for highly challenging tasks with many sub-elements.  Degree of Organization: Consider the interdependence of sub-elements; high interdependence may limit transfer in isolated practice.  Biomechanical Dependence: High biomechanical dependence can pose problems when using fractionalization and segmentation. IV. Conclusion  The choice between massed and distributed practice, feedback valence, and part or whole practice depends on the specific learning context and task complexity.