Biomolecule Review Worksheet

Biomolecule Review Worksheet ORGANIC MOLECULES Organic molecules are the molecules which exist in all living things. They are life’s building blocks. All things are formed from these organic molecules. There are four categories of organic molecules: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. 1. How are organic molecules related to all living things? They exist in all living things and are life’s building blocks.________________________________ 2. Name four categories of organic molecules which form the basis of all living things. a. _Carbohydrates__________ c. _____Proteins______________ b. _Lipids______________________ d. ___Nucleic Acids________________ Organic molecules have four common characteristics. First, they are all carbon based, meaning they all contain carbon. They are formed from just a few elements which join together to form small molecules which join together, or bond, to form large molecules. The third characteristic of all organic molecules is that each is kind of organic molecule is built from a single type of building block. For example, the building block of carbohydrates is sugar, the building block of lipids is fatty acids, the building block of protein is amino acids and the building block of nucleic acids is the nucleotide. When these building blocks are joined together, they form a large molecule (polymer), just as bricks joined together form a wall. For example, sugars join together form a carbohydrate. 3. All of the organic molecules are based on which element? Carbon__________________________ 4. Many times, the molecules join to form long chains with what kind of backbone? A carbon backbone_________________ 5, How are the building blocks of organic molecules like bricks? They join together to make larger molecules like bricks join together to make walls ________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 6. What is the building block of each of the four classes of organic molecules? Carbs-Sugar; LipidsFatty Acids; Protein -amino acids; Nucleic acids- Nuclecotides____________________ 7. What is a polymer? A large molecule joined of at least three smaller molecules. _________________________________________________________________ The last common characteristic of all organic molecules is that their form determines their function. That means that their shape determines how they will behave and how they will react with other molecules. For example, the order of amino acids in a protein will determine the shape and function of the protein just as the order of words in a sentence shapes the meaning of the sentence. 8. What determines how organic molecules will look and behave? Their form and Shape. 9. What are the four common characteristics of all organic molecules? All are carbon - based form from small molecules to large molecules. They are built from a single building block, the form determine the function. CARBOHYDRATES Carbohydrates are the most common organic molecule because they make up most plant matter. They are made from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Their building block a single sugar called a monosaccharide. Sugars (monosaccharides) consist of carbon rings. When two monosaccharides, or sugars, combine, they form a disaccharide (di = two). When more than two monosaccharides join together, a polysaccharide (poly = many) is formed. 10. What are the elements contained in carbohydrates?_Carbon, Hydrogen, and oxygen.________________________ 11. What is the building block of carbohydrates? _A single sugar called a monosaccharides. 12. What is a monosaccharide? _ A simple sugar made up of carbs.__________________________________________ 13. What is a disaccharide? Two monosaccharides combined.______________________________________________ 14. How does a polysaccharide differ from a disaccharide?_A polysaccharides is more than two monosaccharides combined whereas disaccharides are only two combined.___________________________________ There are three classes of carbohydrate polysaccharides. The first is starch. Starch is a carbohydrate used in food storage in plants. Potatoes, pasta and rice are rich in starch. Starches are very valuable because they provide a quick form of energy for the body. The second is glycogen. Glycogen is used for food storage in animals. The third is cellulose. Cellulose is used for structural support in plants (stems, leaves). 15. What are the three classes of carbohydrates? a. Starch_______________b.____glycogen____________c._____Cellulose___________ 16. Which involves food storage in plants? __Starch_______________________ 17. Which involves food storage in animals?___Glycogen_____________________ 18. What is cellulose used for? _Structure support for plants_________________________________ 19. Why would an athlete have a big pasta dinner the night before a race? Pasta is saturated fat which takes longer to digest, therefore giving him energy for the race. _______________________________ Sugars can be detected in foods through a simple lab test. To find out if a food contains starch, iodine (a reagent) is placed on the food. A food containing starch will turn black when in contact with iodine. A test for simple sugars involves mixing the food with a liquid blue reagent called Benedict’s solution and then heating the mixture. If the food is positive for simple sugars, the heating process will cause the benedict’s solution to turn red, orange, or green. 20. What reagent is put into food to identify the presence of starch? iodine___________________ 21. Describe how someone would be able to identify if a sugar is present in food. They would use a solution called Benedicts which is blue but when heated up and mixed with sugars it turns the product red, orange and green. LIPIDS Lipids are a class of organic molecules which includes fats and oils, and has the function of long-term storage of energy in the body. The building block of lipids is the fatty acid, which is a chain of carbons with hydrogen attached to each side. Saturated fats have two carbons attached to each carbon (except the one at the end). Saturated fats are unhealthy fats like butter and Crisco. Unsaturated fats are missing at least one hydrogen and are kinked in shape. The unsaturated fats are healthy, and include oils. 22. What is the building block of lipids? _Fatty acids_________________________ 23. List the 2 examples of lipids. a. Butter_____________ b.________Crisco___________ 24. Describe the structure of a fatty acid. They’re chains of carbon with hydrogen attached to each side. Saturated fat is tightly bonded with carbon atoms. While unsaturated fat is missing one hydrogen and is a loose chain. 25. What is a saturated fatty acid? _Unhealthy Fats 26. Lipids are soluble (dissolve) in oil but are insoluble (don’t dissolve) in water. When mixed with water, the lipid will float on top to form a separate layer. To test for the presence of lipids in food, the sample is placed on a piece of brown or newspaper, and then the paper is held up to the light. A test that is positive for lipids will have a oily spot that is translucent, or clear, on the paper. 27. What does soluble mean? _able to dissolve_____________________________ 28. Explain the solubility of lipids. Lipids are soluble in oil but are insoluble in water. 29. How would you test for lipids, and what is a positive result? A sample would be placed on a piece of brown paper. The paper is held up to the light, if it’s positive an oily film would be left. PROTEINS Proteins are organic molecules that form muscles, transport O2 (hemoglobin), and act as hormones and enzymes. Most importantly, proteins determine how our bodies look and function. Their building block is the amino acid. Proteins are made of amino acids combined through a dehydration link called a peptide bond. When groups of amino acids are joined together, a protein is formed. 29. What are 2 of the functions of proteins? a.___Forms muscles________________________________ b.___Transport O2 throughout the body_________________ 30. What is the building block of proteins? ___Amino Acid_________________ 31. What is the name of the bond that joins amino acids? Peptide Bond_________________________ There are about 20 different kinds of amino acids. These amino acids consist of five separate parts. The first is a central carbon atom. Second is a carboxyl group (-COOH). Third is an amino group (-NH2). Fourth is a hydrogen. The fifth group is a variable ‘R’ group. The only difference in the 20 kinds of amino acids is the “R” group. Some “R” groups are very small, others are large, and even others form chains and rings. The sequence and shapes of the “R” groups control the shape and function of the protein. 32. How many different amino acids are there? __20___ 33. What part of the amino acid varies from one amino acid to another? The R group ; some are small and others are large. They form chains and Rings.____________ 34. What determines the shape and function of a protein?_The sequence and shapes of the R groups._____________________ NUCLEIC ACIDS The fourth class of organic molecules is the nucleic acids. This class involves the genetic materials, DNA and RNA. DNA is the blueprint of life because it contains instructions on how to make proteins in the body. Each individual’s DNA is unique, which means that each individual has a unique set of proteins. That is why each of us looks and behaves differently. RNA is a copy of DNA. Because DNA can’t leave the cell’s nucleus, and because proteins are constructed outside of the nucleus in the cytoplasm, the RNA is necessary to carry the instructions from DNA to the cytoplasm where the protein is made. 35. What are the two types of nucleic acids? a. _DNA_______________________ b__RNA_______________ 36. What is the role of DNA? DNA contains instructions on how to make proteins in the body. 37. How does the role of RNA differ from that of DNA? RNA delivers the DNA information to the cytoplasm where the protein is made. The monomer of nucleic acids is the nucleotide. All nucleic acids are formed from a series of these nucleotides. Nucleotides consist of three parts: a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogen base. 38. What is the building block of nucleic acids? __Nucleotides___________________________ 39. What are the three parts of this monomer? a._ a five carbon sugar___ b.__phosphate group_________________ c. __nitrogen base_____________________ The structure of DNA resembles that of a twisted ladder. This twisted ladder of DNA is called a ‘double helix.’ The rails of the DNA ladder are made from alternating sugars and phosphates (sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate-sugar…). In DNA, the sugar is called deoxyribose. The rungs of the ladder are made of four different kinds of bases, with one base hanging off of the portion of each rails. The four bases are A, T, C and G. The rails of the ladder are held together because the bases from one rail bond to the bases from the other rail to form rungs. The bases from one side of the ladder attach to the bases hanging from the other rail. This keeps the ladder together. The bases attach to one another in a very specific way: ‘A’ bases always attach to ‘T’ bases, and ‘C’ bases always attach to ‘G’ bases. 40. Describe the structure and shape of DNA. _double helix___________________ 41. What are the rails of the ladder made of? a. __sugars_____________________ b._phosphate_________________ 42. How are the rails of the ladder kept together? _The base from one rail bond to the base from the other row to form rungs.________________________________ 43. What are the four different DNA bases? a. _________A______________________ c. ________C_________________________ b. _________T___________________ d. __________G______________________ 44. What part of the ladder do these bases form? ___The rungs____________________________ 45. ‘A’ always pairs with what base? _______T_________________ RNA is very similar to DNA in all ways except for a few differences. First, where the sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, the sugar in RNA is ribose. Second, where DNA is a double helix, RNA has just one strand. Third, where the bases in DNA are C,G, A and , in RNA the bases are C, G, A and . The U in RNA takes the place of the T in DNA. Fourth, DNA cannot leave the nucleus of the cell and RNA can. 46. List four differences between DNA and RNA. a. DNA has a T base, RNA has a U base. b. DNA is a double helix, RNA is a single strand.__ c. DNA is deoxyribose, RNA is ribose. d. DNA cannot leave the nucleus and RNA can. _ 47. List three similarities between DNA and RNA. a. Genetic material___________ b. Formed from nucleotide________________________________ c. Have the bases C, G, and A_______________________________