Female Reproductive Structure

ONTT-2Femole Keproducive Structure biceua tlowar the temala raprbdutdive aynoectum whernl anal individuo hanctunt ir is ol uwharl mberts gut koum c Pistil A h l contaumA thart 1 Corypel or & Corpekor mang. on8 el ana Corp The Corpu The m may 6 oruee/unite o. i elivichd in to 3 ph porco migas AA Cartpel lo & ovary ruaieny Stegma, St ort The ovasuy tha Comteum{ orulu. Ovule Ohe ovasry Contaenz ort oval Amal o n ort o n o r atrruuttru ollecl mal, rounde ovuley bearu ha whith megogportangia he one Ovules ltmalo gametophu Comtaening 1h g9 ot Carpe.Theze he ovarty Ovrtulug ane tound cnside the place nta ore by woull to e ovtry ane ate thec to he bape ot ovarty eheod atta be may Studine A typico dtwelopad ovule eo ntaini bollouera 1. Famie a. Rophe 4TmtequTOm 5. Nucelu che to micle i he stalk by okich ovule u ata placendta. The pont ot tohich ha brunuele y attached Hilum to the booy ot ovule Colled Tm Rome ovulu hi bunu ell whch u called o sfance rcaphe vag Ctulor e bodly ot ovule to ridge Ovule rum overe har ke gmall a upply fr m hrcough funieleg rtaphe. 7Onl Ort two 6t oult durung deueloprent of e Ae ane ma o Central grbwn up e, ttRues aLmk he megoayportý tye (meqas poro met hro ugh ich dowelops to mega cpore . n e g a p o r t Og e n e , ot bagu Dm e muceluus ovulug aro elosehted more peclicd bage ovull,The whith Covere calla nucellug, ob Nucellug ig he eemtral celllar mak Hhe Byeeste ovule, tontaenungembrtye ae. may be omk ort two.Ovuleg weth wh Omt mtequmani a r talled unileg mic ane tuoe inteaurmenl aru tolleo bitqmic The tnt eguments Thtt mt@qume nls on eehort Ride to Vere the ovule encept ot he ape pard otorulo Cmmen ara Coveng ae calde imtegume nls. Tntequmenis T comta 1. leavina o mauo w opee r called h mcrtepy T h y Tucropyle i Lotateo ot he oppoRulo poenl o Re bage ot ovule hut bo4e point eot ovule ACalled chalaza.(ppozia point ot mucroyla) , Dwung yercdilezattom polbn trube jenetally entans o ovule tem thrtoup u enepye than ome csinueellortoth jey Crra eou olevelop bTcom Coyerting tR he The mu cellugt meioty kayort be hupodhrtme ond nucellug ape jugt one bel"mlto tyli g ancelda,apeu. a.uWeaky crrainu cellare: wih hupodert mal ayer a ucollar. wih out hypodormal 3. Peeudo croin meiotylimucollueapex. coll loger bel cellar9. Tn copleln tenuun u ruucelluA apex mlocyli & Jayer be hypodertmal te me ot nu nu celu but ente nolk to below oTe nuumuceller TReue em a hypodknd 6t with celly Glooka 5.Reolucad tenuinueellar :ttue m Withoul yprdoun pankeally Whout muo Ceyla mu colUs Wihout the mu celu. ony hypookrumal d 2) Anatro pouy Ovul ovult The u very ii, i ) The outen Vatcalan shrovd 8) Armphi iyTm thu pe ob comon ly ged clomiticatton ovuult u bogeo on hi oreientadion &CbutUatwne. Te mntt Thene ont Thatmu 6types ot ovlu on Rig basig e llow4- 1. Orcthetropous or Atropoy Ovule uy Micreapyle u i) Embruo4a c t Ti v) Tt veny 4braigkt ond erne ct mucnaple dmatn in ona CamTIOn ten n Orutace tD ot ovuk veny ovtll close to buTucle hare Sho e Gke seen en ore à ve tauing doun doun. tronsyerael ortiontrd AliAma cee,Betomateae b Tt g a Curtveo ovule g t4 bend ko to (unicle Come lose olont he 4) Chalazoa micrepyle Tt goom in memberrk otr mLcRapyk tn same lin Logu men sae, Capparida cear, Chanopoolaa ceoe. lEn. ovtule. RDpen Curwatuna. he 49Compylairopoug ovula t ovale i iay Tt i he ast prumilive rophe. pronouncRd iv) Su th uy The tholaza ondl e ornle tropous Suntnaok F: Struchurt.otr a bypdcal ovule The bodly ot oocpertm,4o dojay- t tntequmei sole making onone SecondanuNucleue Funiole o torgnon du4 btuteol buee toith toth tunichlhs brunicu Avtbipoda cell Decphana(F m onguosponTriC ovuk pucellu Emieynace hat Ha o ond uer cloze to hilum don wprtdi Cholsza Tlequeb inverdeod u ond ongosp Polygonacaoe, fepertaceae ad 5) Hemuonaireopou ort Ha mi Tropoug Orule i The boedy ot thu ovule u ol teanl vecge pagëtin maket a rught ongc to he luniculit. ) Mecrceple g bagal chala Za remain im one lene 4 pertalleto He gartace Luy 9t y Seen in Ranumculug, Yremulacea 6) Carucinolro pous vule ovul. i Th u a muth tni led mucb hat ) The bunicle grow k go ra Ce olouwn wand &ke amaltopoul agaLm ltty SpecialStcurae in Svulh he ovule upcoard Degenerot to 6uncab ovule olue Sean in Cactaceaa, q:Opurdta ion ob of dovelope ovtule tutn cn Cua) There u a 36o' rouoth 1. Enolethecium u) Tn wt akaud udrituve orc Calod acnbgoaah -Chala2a Mionapy Endofacium i C g e c it t APEoouoCac Orchhotenpeug Arnal ropo tug koa plontu. idegurnut , Emolorte cum. rurratnA on eothart ida of Ra embrtn e genenally hingu lerad rodioly elengoled ruth in oplatm, tantoe n gtoncY z lat Colly >Morap Funi ol loyer of knge embrtgoRac He O ito spectali ad tuus Eooco Hilum in ocCu in inr Re Ra inmetmoit u c h tote ets Tne os ovula ol orly #a nucellg o enclottetau vy Tt may ors be mult layenud en 3me mc mberu otr Aterta cea. plucollg a 6oturator4 Tlego Arpehou Gngyoto pouA yahaka pa u ) i tn in dineding fe is am ovlon struu tte kelpa ouwth ob pollen tubetou ard mieropyle. may orufimlu rum (sunuele Calls oohubuwtatort ont v orc plaunta orooth obtem Calummeu and dam caly eytopamut amo rudh im rga mellLtlike da otyo orme ano veles. )The eudalu o obttrator providle muteite.om tohe rcovev polam tede, Qrtu raeto pouz :Tpes o Ovaler V) he ob obt ustatór merte over Tme chanu cal juidamte to provid phyaikbgecal gre uin polkn sube. 8.Aru ) TheTn m Onil iy applued do onuy tehy appedage e eed tn Gleweia slona or Arril may riteR (rwm buoucle hilum, mae on lor Corpletel, uy Ti 40ruBund he ovulo em pot krtelezateom peruoc. The edible white T i u yerty clear in Lthi. aul. porcten beundeng tka ikelki geed 6Tom o )v false onuls art Kece wkih doweleg hare oinb Kon he buriculus 2 hilum. u Someckme viewed a imegema t ort algo, T y. Corum ele uy a twttth oui groun pnejet ot he or emo of feed. The cm her tongevdtal celly ene hove vCarmch u sromoul v uKe Ctarch,prtolen, ipiol cele v seen in he i also wag m poted Fertyl reposked lnigc in ma n ) Crco CS o ma ta ceae at a Tt iu regenve matertioals ans hypoxtae. Vorn Teeman c ke Umbeli(errae Lerconthateoa ete. boune ouy Groc the rcoueng 2mbtuyo Hupo&tede oemt embtyosac elonquto) beyond Chaloza ort feedk indy sealn tabilize the twatert batomca t o l on ropd rAniporclauint t p a u g actv saC to embryo a C. thuth aru0 Aeenelkenzm & ermonl he embro Sac. ror 9cowth ot -Cyagol req tera.o Conunde EronloCac -Avdipadal paren thya tot radial wallg ot parenln L)-Hypoclere mumerrbu piG. kygroscopre Rnu hik proto uall. have Ti aruseR due to e proi feraton ot celly at k bouler indeautmesnd on &o kuu cuh. tu) Corunte Comut orr epicleor mal c amol Ceotrun ot hpoghse hpognse ot gniliod roocmocteru a ) bruncle u mtr The rely Cellu em natunt abrenks nto poMes in to the he embstyo cloary monkad en otoc soec Caunela 5. Hapegiae Eabrococ ditterevdeaked brom t) Tt he group ct cely od balow te ucelrecllu in he thalazal rigion ot embryoa c above dke vakcalart 0sturttr Ruppy. te Otsturtaton ro vule MegasporLogens 1t meuott dinsuon two col nortym wmeotudll Behsee nam alko lwtmo o. Thu Atkr AMe e =U= f r a m s v e y e o t ot lort mactio n ot pro ces Megacponog ense u egas pone, Mega 4pore torc mad dhe Ha mutelus u in he duploid tm o ovula and Fort maton bb m0qouspore oeCus (rema e genetaynaor erpyle mu tell, mature. muellan A Singla hupodormal ée in He mucells ndar the mu tropyle be come prou nenl ond u lartges wi th a pro mu nert huelu asRe u talao Art che sportia cell. The orn chugporia eey may tumtamA a mlgspore bthert Ce omol by maiottC duvtto) Drcoduce 00 y migasDorug. Callood o4 dyao. Stage .oll ot he cupd mau dividkd by meioteT nd tw muelvi ana lsot mad en each colb ivitiOn rtonkverge celi.waul : h ot separaby 1he tetrad o mogaspe nl ane tort ud ina Thuus a on0 or 7nndt, each ana hoploio. In Aoe cojed aThoged khoged or Hetaol moy bo (rormod ploonu he.ra boh meiotc divisioy art Gollowed oallortmocte o n , omb om ot he YmtgasSporug and othar 3 degenerati. buen ceonal T huoncdiona to dovely to dhi bemale gomcteplut Dt hun ctonal mdgipare 4 loend douernd ehalaza he ardhesporte al B u t in Crrasimueleat ovule om when Jnd meicte divicion i net tollbwed n cel divddy FranAvengely to pcoduce ecJoud Gortan.attom , 0mt of e dyad eolly b mek peinaty paasetaj ond cel eta aprumary paste nemaL weth two haploid megaipone muclei.Thie epls davolep to temal gametopkufs h e primarty pariete celly divicls ond praclues a mos The or pouetal tecsues. Primary poroqenog cell uually doer not divdad behane a a tmothurt t e . Rino magpaporu The megnspore metion tol tm euthor coje talled a mga perto d n ore m4 cou Undog magasportta muosg& m o m e otavc planiti thene u mo Ludll konmado n oHer mtitte div T arol mietic dv T cel Cerain mep por y mgaspor ke pard n auela Cn) gortm Tnmu tase anol al kese o femall gavmobphu Duning nnsporngenesiy Calloge i deposekd cmke a l ot megasportQ merther ce end aljo dyoted u) CrOCS uel bormad alter mictt dev to (orcn mgasportogeey thu loacds o miqas poreR twhich embeddod ummucella ond 1 he4 v e rtese% tD temale gamOP. enesisexopdd Sponomgu Embryofac ot Magamto muto The Theotmoton CoC oum a em temale gametoptyt u ko. temall ametopt oU g u ako . qamtOgeMe,8 mega (A):Hgpodarmad Spinango inuio a ti a wide LLo em Poruenta Yruooru SPorageMO Ce) 8 foreclinol davisiom horl ot cponangia inuto (oeioa arte ruom MegaSpsut rlegasuruoye e Mumba pet in it. P ahe Lwan Aere 3 stypet ot embry a MonoSportiembryosac Pona eto cell Pinds takmg on o ouperding on tHe 7ht ot embtioCos paruT (9 dlukopnevd Accoredingto megaspore tha cloreloprue nt m 0m9eoAeon depenau4 meqatporas takiq o Cel 3eic varttattom cm aRimglo m0gas pora - Which cac dvelnA ota Sport vetrad othan 3be0gdbgeneeaed. Duo 6) Bes posuic mbrHo Sae Iho Re emoryp Aae ahch develepa bruam binuclholi magagpone o dyadee c) Tetrasporue mbrsa.c- whi th davolpo0A grom b o l l Hhe 4 Kaplnid maga aporte muclui whth CD) Megasportoe hovo mot beeng tafed balaus the oyee ot wall cell m am Aeporaded S #a wall ormadion meiottt devistom. ot he omgdoCperpuc baqmly erhbit te m nsporse embxyo cac atcoredeng to Dovis, So he ohelepool otmonesporuc embiyosa C di &euned b0lous The doMelopreod otr monaspo rc mbrsp ae (nvowe 8 tdoveheluablo sie pa iy A serie ot reirtie dev. wuithail 81 ,Meaa tparTdread (G) Lnaot Tetrad ot Megaspan Fig Proccess ot Megasporsqens to kynacy ) Lu Cellulartization ell otr nuclei a ere t i atcom nalan uclee geerallly ie eloco to oa th otfan he davelopred ot embyotac begpni with he ha elongatton et otoded at he The luoetsno Tmopone uolluy chalazal end otferad. 0 to torm a h i t tupe large va CuLo. mutott cally he megaspore muels divides -thalazal aou adha oleng he icrepylar dougea nalei argi " tortsmedton, Loall ne ëath ThmegoS paqe telu dide nttetetteb ron Tu ourt cloe al Deto puple.d ot dhe vacusle, the mucli enpomiion ousord hi opoatb polbs to (ortm Secad doty Can R mt Cola gel Tued n u el e t . ovo hty 7 Small vacuslu apean in ytoplotm Ole g two ot mernt |andato Cmjooc develop sae for maton and Seen Teallo d&nuclala embo (uloer. 'm mo T avgiosperme beem gtudeo gtudueof hot been otr Åu cel, Deg entrtode'g Tmgatpon Then cellulor Cotwen polar mu ClOL 750 Tt a called as Embrtooa Derelopeng Eyoeyocoac (Smucld tege (Tucu stoge) Derelopna 3 Siilay at Re dhalszol ernd, but ot Ywlu 2t organig o form adt po dal collh ano the fo ond ra main broe tn eytholam FurneEe mo CT) btgau Zott on ot embtye art. Dut ot henulei towaro ucrepylarne end, fo om 99 apparatuy and he g et orcgonL zo e Cytoplalm ancd 6ousuth ome rema nA nee in kmown as h uPperc polorr Muclu Nego Cpen CDyad'sleg) At ths gtege all the 9muelei oni tound enid Commen cytpplom A-terc 4hu Ke maam cell umdbrgo e elongaton and -e Degevprtaleng MeautDon eath sormEn nuelei at eauh pole. ae uke anpearomco Yolygemum,So c Then both the mu elei divid twice miteteeally takes a t polygomum tipa develape nt. h tarsbutgert in 189 btGhudue ic calleod Farmetéomal o Megae ans oletouly t en (T 27panug Syrondh Polor padi Fernals go he Predipodolcol Ardepedoleey (2) CMatune Evwbqnse Fig Developyand ot femalo gemetsph aol Strucune and Graoni zaton of a PCEmoSy A matune d embryoac ua Tecellad The tructun nueled embruptaces in hi utella, The enm brtyo fac etue a) Symergiok ondeg2P paraty ) The a) polbr muck The Syrtgcalg anelpeaed stpwardl he mropybr Qnd o embryoRae atructue A tnger luke premime (ound at he micnopyloruend ob eauh Symutgid, tollod 0 iLhfrorm apparafu. here mmoy be Vonge e in cholaza) naaon ome ob vaccunleg many gmal Symurgo Wall around he paongd u encomploi.ouohuR are 7 Symergds are while onL ot the two kqnergida dogenerato bokone he enbry ot th pollus tube in to e mbryozac, dhe othe on u degenerale Rhordlalter he daAchartae os pollenstube in to he esmbrup sae a olla necepYton. atpeca) embyosac otaded touords e opposele To hera 8anttpolal cell are dhala zal end ot fhe he embryo tos apporots Lath ondtpoola! cell u Kaploicd cn). The mumber ot onttpoclalu vasuy en moy plant eren neahina p to 30, eg.-rtascek) eytoplotm tull er sTol pruurd, peroniodar e, ob otepoolod callu veil cuth wit anu ytochrwma 0niolese ete: alo todteumg Lou amuunt o t RNA 4 polycacchonioley Hntpoda cell one Taenly Tutntve tm(un cfton. ephimerta n Atruetra. Commn walls touth ha a &porgpo eat tor Antipedals: The or tm e in abtortism an Fliorcm appanu helpa porctatiom o material in to ambroSac trramaport apparata ako ploy tok in pollem-tube amd e yrocgo i The dsgemercot tube dis har gn MoRtL thand and t u Symaggidk 0nd an ao ciaed omd they Sort c h am i t o u b t o n c e )FElioem uadanco & Sypuraids ond epg apprt cto kolnwing lsumtona tuke qrowth thrwuah wn golsn Tube pollen grtoth thnaugh doe ppoAeo d i n a d he iú 6The autpe daly ore Polor muci The ceu Carirco Cel contral cel yoremd by uuun ot anuchi ComLmTUDth mi or emd ano a other Srem he ckaloza eno. heke two mucle ont Calloopolor muelbe on ondto or. Atler Huy bute they borm Chalazal End 2n eLondaruy4 a whiuh beimg encutelud by ytoplaym tomvende to the cuntal cell. 7 he temtral tAu y e largel col ob embru T t ua motort cal ot esnolosperm The uytopatm ot camiral colly attve Orgaell and verty nith with all Polare mucd tell Canmdrud call metabolekm. e weth eg, 4naragid cemtral coll u tomma ded plou TMadii Tmataf. 0od tha omtpodali hrough Sgmairgids The PMro pylon End Hhar Qpeii ot embryosac Tm mony O hauytorua houA o4 growth beuond u tropylor Dhese coge he edemzuwnt e cleon4omg ona Fa:Struckne ot apioa EmbruqoSac Rlaous embrtyosac ovular tt Rue eithor or thalzal edinAMom ypes (a Ferusperem Tn momy sp. the nucellus tu totally Comu Tmed uth adt he embryo ac Coo em a thin loer, Callao rset m. murcture e arDwLmgmbryo. embypoca em core matra embro tac (Megaometbgovefee). ) otel Gorc m umbar ots es nuclon oluv. OCCLng Mauhe Lpto embrto gat uiy Dhe aAsLOnge-ment e mottu Thu he embrttocoe ig Struucturolly, bum tteomauly well orrganiYao to mtdee med he debt. bakeng on he bollowimg ogpeu ) The mum ber ot uce whith take paul dint. to ndaut with emmere id&qument. The mucel ruemai Sac P Maheswouu Clogba ed Cala.o houuytortia These etennyOm Crd See m im memberi o Ocamhaeeol, Satala ceaa Aeantha ceae rEmbruo mum bort ot muclei e mbryoac. c ow ari reco rpmu zd tupes ot embocoe ueon 1. Monpspbruc Embryo Ca a. Bisporuc 3. Tetras poruC 1.Monos poruc he Embryo Cac (rro m mo embrp Sac davelep wne s poru c 97lgasbrte Ca Called porte natapes a coo embrysa. Then ay Polyaeni S. ot Momet poru c E. a)Poua b) Denotaa a Pelygongampe by obseweo Sthasbgo t waf b0und in 81. otr embryota Thi u he typecal e x m a eo S p e r t m . Tac 0gakpore chalozal fun ctoMa gve riceg to a muckeate e m b y o t c , dividiu mchoupore uclts ormí and 200ke pEeA The oppo a by 1t mitotic dinaion douokr mucle , moveg dantcto). 0n 9oe touwano muuropylan enol anotare gohool u chala2al end. oth sh muclu undercqpej Conaetuteve mutotec devsio Fortm 4 hoaploid celly al eath pola. from eouh group ot muclei, 0m nueltuug mavoA bwands We oentruHs a gokeg nucli ane found at tha etne eallad polort muclei, tale hy kuge to (ortmcuntralc0 T h e 3mu od mcrpulor e n orgmo to 5ocm The 2 mucli at au, cholazo end arcqaze adt poohl. d metu co 00/muros Chala2a TMOgaporu Folaaomun CLO Oenthora Tupe Thiy tape Thorey be.cho' dav. of megagpone &lor rad b nucluul. 6) kr Whath dewelops ype Endymien Mitocu miotu Chola Zo COgane mothon6 0 00 Mdatu/00 O0 nd mLOLU Megspon Dmustogu he mutw Puon Degeneroi een ot mltnopylar Ond Contral col hag only 1nucl. .J dlyad cell y ant podlas ,On 2g9 appataftg totc ombrtitnc dovelogs brom-ka ehala 2al toll otettuu ot the mtmbe,1 beu a)Allum Tanm whith un deona dyad embryozae nucuo mo ot dtyP Thene et embruptac 7 T ua totre are No wal dyao coy O-Cdrodh ontepelo -2ation Megospon Embry ccac a. Bisporc EmbryoSae tpe ot embryp.smc dtvelppa bram one o Phe eupd cell gvmad bythe megaspere mahsnca Thu EmbryosaC porue EmbryosaC elrasporue 3) Tetrag he embryosac whith ucle ane calad as ant kort med mvowiog the 12triagporu.c embrocac. The amther cel u degenertolig. The meo03pba mther colly duvidt by moiottc olieion omd rinul m onmateon ot haploio nu clei Tnd mootic duricion ruultng in two hoplbid mucli Th ulu uver rumain togethurt, tHoy enient 7hueroomuclu wil undugo tuo utetic oluvicon Ram Aelbwe en tolowing palern ond oluvicled by rwltng n muclu. Onar two o t e daswn. Thuus hore'u mt hunckenal dyad skauh umdergu The9uclus ant orcgpu 20o mto 2 graupy e y eath al thi mecro pylartholazo) ana Theze mucle qol oganiwad ento 3t243 pter ke polyHRnU m Pe 3 collu ord tortmer9 9 apparttA ,a antral btmuelol ce nd 3antipadals. Depe mdimg on theur aoqeme nt Hent cust t1eAo0 Lm bro toc a oloa 1. 1t14141 rana emotPlumbago ,Yepartomua taae a. 143anra n emand: Druya, FritllaruO,Plubageotpe 321a aLangemund Aclona tp 4. 142+211 anrongement Chyenthemum dHpe 1+1t1t Arrangemen. Omdare thy SApes arangmenl Ony 1 a) Plumb0g0 Here hene there y one Hene uclu tm mertorte Snucleali typ enol 4 d . Condaum 8ma centto uclen Ou a tetotee dev chlazal b) Yep aro mLa t}Pe Ymucles rtzultu l6 ucltar Es. c dav. tanhal muddeu, a ga cell&b ctphinal. co 8nol 08A 39 3) 1 1 3 Arvrongememts posd meiotcdaiten. kor meo by sat embr mucluau b asdepodal tom &pokon, d1 osdepodal tuj ton za9, I9» poko, N o TLuc leam btus No TLcletn 1 16 muclaal Eanbrye apa., 4 9dlon Mulu, Dro group 3 o nd mirerte, 8 mulei a mitete duv & y enod 8n lue to koam mulu O0 7 pe 4Aaploid. Arurong scellg in roony g9apP pleru nucla AurangeUnl ome treploid Tuely -Polan nd 200 O0 Omly ok fpcdepado CDa aerca poscëen. 2+2 nbryo(a ec u 3 t p e r of iaa aruranq.0me DrwaTapa 3 ametotc div. e the Ymucluu Polonmuei cCDAtpada Elaaza Cccosorupbal. 6) Frot lauaothape challa zal c)Yompeo pokan mue 8 R8Cerhroln CR8Ceo OD mbrun Sac eembsyo Anrre nge mpoul and Catralmacla amite-te a 68 Undor et 3 antepodali ntesu88 mutropyan odttal Stos, 3pephorad eQua en 1 3 davseon ot Yhaploid uclt postmeiote mirtocu caq agpa, t1t1t| mamert 6mbruy Cac y 89 te Adoxatype embru,. o or bmbtuen e e boud cndo l Plumba ella tape Semu lor' a brift laria Adeprdo! 3n) bt Stgle cgq Cirgle Oockpodal (8 CeD CPlumbagella) o lon n udei Cnd3n) Actepodala C3m 9) 1+24| anamgemivt Umdar t u o OnnongeTnent only ometype eem ie. Chryanhemum ne Enbryatot t Chruy santhemlum Type e i a Special tipe ot etrcosporu omby4ae t 1 1kt dayeried by Mortnai. 1t 8 Arvran oluv. Mitou a l Pola 142t orcgoucobeo n Aavramaemu Polonmul avce pala ytn)d3(2m)