University:
University of Virginia
Course:
BIOL 1040 | The DNA Revolution in Science and Society
Academic year:

2020
Views:

221

Pages:

3
Author:

Charlee Buchanan

Biology: Semester 2 Final Exam Study Guide Unit 1 Concept 1: DNA Structure and Replication 1. Use a Venn diagram to compare and contrast DNA and RNA. 2. Explain Chargaff’s base pairing rules of DNA. Provide an example of a strand of DNA with its complementary strand. 3. Summarize the process of DNA replication, including the location and enzymes involved. 4. Explain why DNA replication is called “semi-conservative” 5. Name the scientists discussed in class and their contributions to DNA discovery. 6. Identify a nucleic acid as DNA or RNA based on a description. Unit 1 Concept 2: Protein Synthesis 1. Explain transcription and translation and why a two-step process is necessary to make proteins. 2. Describe the roles of the three essential types of RNA in protein synthesis. 3. Summarize the steps of transcription and translation. Include the location of each process, and the names of any enzymes (if they are involved). 4. Transcribe and translate the following strand of DNA: TAC ACC GGA GCG ATT 5. Describe a point mutation. 6. List some causes of mutations. Unit 2 Concept 1: Meiosis 1. Describe the differences between somatic cells and gametes, including examples of each. 2. Differentiate between autosomes and sex chromosomes. 3. Differentiate between the purpose and results of meiosis I and meiosis II. 4. Give a basic summary of each stage of meiosis. 5. Explain the significance of crossing over. Unit 2 Concept 2: Mendelian Genetics 1. Create an example of a monohybrid cross. Write out a sample problem and the parents’ genotypes. Solve the Punnett square and determine the genotypic/phenotypic ratio for offspring. 2. Create an example of a dihybrid cross. Write out a sample problem and the parents’ genotypes. Solve the Punnett square and determine the genotypic/phenotypic ratio for offspring. 3. Give parental phenotypes or genotypes using offspring. 4. Identify all possible offspring from a Punnett square. 5. Determine genotypic and phenotypic ratios from a Punnett square. Unit 2 Concept 3: Non-Mendelian Inheritance Patterns 1. Explain the difference between incomplete dominance and codominance. Give examples of each. 2. Explain the difference between traits inherited on sex chromosomes and autosomes. 3. Be able to perform crosses, using Punnett squares, for codominance, incomplete dominance, and sex-linked traits. 4. Describe why males are more affected by sex-linked traits than females. Unit 3 Concept 1: Principles of Natural Selection 1. Explain how diversity within a species has caused some individuals to have increased fitness (survival of the fittest). 2. What does the phrase, “Individuals don’t evolve, populations do” mean? 3. What is Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium? 4. List the conditions necessary for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium to occur. 5. Be able to perform calculations of allele and genotype frequencies for populations in HWE. Unit 3 Concept 2: Patterns of Evolution 1. Differentiate between speciation and extinction. 2. What is reproductive isolation, and what are examples of reproductive isolation. 3. Explain the significance of coevolution. Unit 3 Concept 3: Evidence of Evolution 1. Explain the difference between homologous, analogous, and vestigial structures. Be sure to indicate which pattern of evolution leads to these structures as well as an example of each. 2. Predict evolutionary relatedness between organisms based on provided evidence. Unit 4 Concept 1: Phylogeny and Systematics 1. Distinguish between the three domains of life. 2. Interpret cladograms in order to make statements about relationships between groups of organisms. Unit 4 Concept 2: Classifying Life 1. What are general characteristics associated with the plant kingdom? 2. What are general characteristics associated with the fungus kingdom? 3. What are general characteristics associated with the animal kingdom? Unit 5 Concept 1: Population Ecology 1. List the factors that contribute to a high population density vs. a low population density. 2. Cite examples of each type of limiting factor. 3. Classify limiting factors as density-dependent, density-independent, biotic, or abiotic. 4. Calculate a population’s density when given the number of individuals and the amount of space. Unit 5 Concept 2: Succession 1. Summarize the different causes and starting conditions of primary vs. secondary succession. 2. Differentiate between the types of organisms that serve as pioneer species for primary vs. secondary succession. Unit 5 Concept 3: Ecological Relationships 1. Create a diagram using symbols to summarize how both organisms are affected in each type of symbiotic relationship and list specific examples of each. 2. Classify a relationship as predation, competition, or symbiosis based on a description or picture. Data Analysis Skills (Developed in Multiple Ways This Year) 1. Identify independent and dependent variables in a provided experiment. 2. Graph provided data using a line or bar graph. 3. Determine if experimental data supported a hypothesis.