Cycle 4 - Infectious Diseases

what are antibacterials ? substances that destroy bacteria or suppress their growth or reproduction what is an antibiotic ? a substance produced by a microorganism which at low concentrations inhibits or kills the growth of other microorganisms what are antimicrobials ? drugs for killing microorganisms or suppressing their multiplication or growth drugs which stimulate cellular defences against viruses what is an antiviral ? reduce cell DNA synthesis + make cells more resistant to viral genes = enhancing cellular immune responses or suppressing their replication what is a bacillus ? rod-shaped bacteria what does bactericidal mean ? agents that kill the organisms what does bacteriostatic mean ? agents that inhibit bacterial growth what is coccus ? spherical bacterium what is a dermatophyte ? fungal pathogen which causes infection of the skin, mucous membranes, hair and nails or other body surfaces poison harmful to all body tissues what does endotoxin mean ? released when a bacterial cell is broken down high potent poison what does exotoxin mean ? produced by a bacterial cell what is gram staining ? applying dye to a sample to see if the bacteria retains the colour of the stain what colour are gram-positive stains ? purple - retaining the colour of the stain what colour are gram-negative stains ? pink - don't retain colour of the stain 1/3 examples of microorganisms ? bacteria, viruses, algae, fungi and protozoa what is mycosis ? infection caused by a fungus what has the department of health issued to manage antimicrobial resistance ? Antimicrobial Stewardship Guidance appropriate use of antimicrobials to prewhat does the antimicrobial stewardship vent development of antimicrobial resisguidance ensure ? tance and the emergence of future resistance improving antimicrobial prescribing through a antimicrobial management program how does antimicrobial stewardship toolkit contribute in reducing the increase of antimicrobial resistance ? start smart - then focus not to give antimicrobials when they aren't necessary what is the purpose of start smart - then focus ? choosing the most appropriate drug what can encourage resistance to devel- subtherapeutic levels of antimicrobials + op ? long courses what is chemotherapy defined as ? treatment of disease using chemical substances what is antimicrobial chemotherapy ? treatment of infection with chemical substances what is antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis prevention of infection with chemical sub? stances what is folic acid ? dietary vitamin B - important in the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines bacterial cells have to synthesise their how do bacterial cells obtain folic acid ? own folate derivatives to produce purine and pyrimidine nucleic acids bacterial cells will not synthesise folate = DNA synthesis is inhibited = cell divi2/3 what happens when the synthesis path- sion is inhibited = known as bacteriostaway for folate is inhibited ? tic agents dihyrdrofolate reductase which prevents what enzyme does trimethoprim inhibit the conversion of dihydrofolic acid to and what does this cause ? tetrahydrofolic acid what is trimethoprim used to treat ? urinary tract infections (UTI) what is trimethoprim used in combination with ? sulfamethoxazole as a co-trimoxazole what is co-trimoxazole used to treat ? specific type of pneumonia infection that HIV and cancer patients are susceptible to are sulphonamides bacteriostatic or bactericidal drugs ? bacteriostatic dihydropteroate synthetase - prevents what enzyme does sulfonamide competconversion of PABA into dihydropteroic itively inhibit ? acid folate synthesis declines = affecting DNA synthesis and cell division when the enzymes have inhibited the synthesis pathway for folate, what does this lead to ? allows host's defence mechanisms to cope and kill off the bacteria in what type of patients would trimethoprim and sulfonmaide not be effective in ? immunocompromised patients what two enzymes does co-trimoxazole dihydropteroate synthetase and dihydroinhibit ? folate reductase what is co-trimoxazole ? combination of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim - inhibits the two enzymes in a single biosynthetic route due to increasing resistance and newer why has the importance of sulfonamides antibacterials which are more active and decreased ? less toxic when should sulfonamide be discontin- discontinued immediately if a patient exued ? periences any blood dyscrasias 3/3